Conduction multiple-dimension systems

With the development of HPLC, a new dimension was added to the tools available for the study of natural products. HPLC is ideally suited to the analysis of non-volatile, sensitive compounds frequently found in biological systems. Unlike other available separation techniques such as TLC and electrophoresis, HPLC methods provide both qualitative and quantitative data and can be easily automated. The basis for the HPLC method for the PSP toxins was established in the late 1970 s when Buckley et al. (2) reported the post-column derivatization of the PSP toxins based on an alkaline oxidation reaction described by Bates and Rapoport (3). Based on this foundation, a series of investigations were conducted to develop a rapid, efficient HPLC method to detect the multiple toxins involved in PSP. Originally, a variety of silica-based, bonded stationary phases were utilized with a low-pressure post-column reaction system (PCRS) (4,5), Later, with improvements in toxin separation mechanisms and the utilization of a high efficiency PCRS, a... 

Chang et al. conducted pilot scale tests in a corona radical shower system with ammonia injection for simultaneous removal of NO and S02 from coal boiler flue gases [61]. The corona radical shower system used had dimensions of 2.1 x 1.8 x 2m3 and consisted of 20 parallel flow channels with five multiple nozzle corona electrodes per... 

Characterizations of nanosystems in ENT are driven by number of systems involved, single system for investigation and multiple system for mass production. It also depends on order of multiple systems. The aspect ratio of the system indicates about 2D or 3D system. Conductivity of materials also influences the activity of the ENT. Characteristics of data related to current density, charge density, double layer capacitance will change by orders of magnitude from microscopic to nanoscopic dimensions. Hence, measuring devices employed should be highly sensitive in the ENT. 

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