Marine conditioning films

The adsorption of biopolymers onto a surface 190], the attraction and adhesion of bacteria to that surface, their subsequent multiplication and exopolymer production leads to the formation of biofilms 191]. The original conditioning film can influence the type and number of settling microorganisms, which in turn can affect the settlement of larvae of marine fouling organisms (92, 93]. 

Steam-turbine lubricants Lubricants in steam turbines are not exposed to such arduous conditions as those in engines. The main requirement is for high oxidation stability. However, they may be exposed to aqueous condensate or, in the case of marine installations, to sea water contamination, so they have to be able to separate from water easily and to form a rustpreventing film on ferrous surfaces, and it is usual to employ rust inhibitors. The problem of tin oxide formation on white-metal bearings is associated with the presence of electrically conducting water in lubricants and can be over-come by keeping the lubricant dry . 

In conclusion, relative cost and relative behaviour towards different conditions of exposure lead to the use of zinc on parts on which thick films can be tolerated and for general industrial use, and of cadmium for fine-tolerance special applications, such as aircraft and instrument parts, required to withstand conditions include humid and marine atmospheres. 

Figure 6. RIC of 100-mL marine air sample. Conditions DB-1 column, 0.25-mm inside diameter (ID) x 30 m film thickness, 1.00 gm column temperature, hold 1.5 min at - 70 °C, program to 125 °C at 20 °C/min EM,...

In the case of highway bridges, the vast majority of the problems are caused by chloride migration into the concrete because of deicing salt application and marine exposure. On reaching the surface, the chloride ions cause the disruption of the passive film and create conditions favorable for accelerated corrosive attack on the... 

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