Condensation reactions esterification

Cl Reactive Blue 19 (9) is prepared by the reaction of bromamine acid (8) with y -aminophenyl-P-hydroxyethylsulfone [5246-57-1] (76) ia water ia the presence of an acid-hinding agent such as sodium bicarbonate and a copper catalyst (Ullmann condensation reaction) and subsequent esterification to form the sulfuric ester. 

These processes have supplanted the condensation reaction of ethanol, carbon monoxide, and acetylene as the principal method of generating ethyl acrylate [140-88-5] (333). Acidic catalysts, particularly sulfuric acid (334—338), are generally effective in increasing the rates of the esterification reactions. Care is taken to avoid excessive polymerisation losses of both acryflc acid and the esters, which are accentuated by the presence of strong acid catalysts. A synthesis for acryflc esters from vinyl chloride (339) has also been examined. 

Ester formation is an example of a condensation reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger one and a small molecule is eliminated (Fig. 19.4). The reaction is catalyzed by a small amount of strong acid, such as sulfuric acid. In an esterification of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, the eliminated molecule is H20. 

In a faster, selective and cleaner applications of the microwave-accelerated reactions, Stone-Elander et al. have synthesized a variety of radiolabeled (with 3H, 11C, and 19F) organic compounds via the nucleophilic aromatic and aliphatic substitution reactions, esterifications, condensations, hydrolysis and complexation reactions using monomodal MW cavities on microscale [121]. A substantially reduced level of radioactive waste is generated in these procedures that are discussed, at length, in Chapt. 13 [122]. 

In general, the structure of sol gel materials evolves sequentially as the product of successive and/or simultaneous hydrolysis and condensation and their reverse reactions (esterification and depolymerization). Thus, in principle, by chemical control of the mechanisms and kinetics of these reactions, namely the catalytic conditions, it is possible to tailor the structure (and properties) of the gels over a wide range. For example, stable silica xerogels of tailored particle dimensions, pore morphology, density and porosity, from relatively... 

The reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester is called an esterification reaction. An esterification reaction is one type of condensation reaction. In a similar type of condensation reaction, an amide can be formed from a carboxylic acid and an amine, but this process is slightly longer and will not be discussed here. 

What is the connection between a condensation reaction and an esterification reaction ... 

These are condensation or esterification reactions. The reaction with the carboxylic acid is slow and requires a catalyst of concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction with the acid chloride is much faster and an acid catalyst is not required. 

Polymerizations, esterifications and other condensation reactions, diazo reactions, oxidation and reduction... 

This method is called the Fischer esterification. It s a condensation reaction where the loss of a water molecule accompanies the joining of the alcohol portion to the acid portion. The acid gives up the OH and the alcohol gives up the H to make the water molecule. All steps in the mechanism are reversible (that is, it establishes an equilibrium), so removing the ester as soon as it forms is helpful. Removal of the ester is normally easy since esters typically have lower boiling points than alcohols and carboxylic acids. Figure 12-20 illustrates the mechanism for the acid-catalyzed formation of an ester by the reaction of an alcohol with a Ccirboxylic acid. 

The main reactions involved in alkyd resin synthesis aie poly condensation by esterification and ester interchange. Figure 1 uses the following symbols to represent the basic components of an alkyd resin. 

The polyamides trace their origin to the studies of W. H. Carothers, begun in 1928, on condensation polymerization, a process that involves the repetition many times of a reaction known to the organic chemist as a condensation reaction because it links two molecules together with the loss of a small molecule. Esterification and amidation are examples ... 

Block polymers also can be made easily by condensation reactions. Thus block polymers similar to the ones described in Exercise 29-8g can be made by esterification ... 

Microwave treatment is widely used to prepare various refractory inorganic compounds and materials (double oxides, nitrides, carbides, semiconductors, glasses, ceramics, etc.) [705], as well as in organic processes [706,707] pyrolysis, esterification, and condensation reactions. Microwave syntheses of coordination and organometallic compounds, discussed in this chapter, are presented in a relatively small number of papers in the available literature. As is seen, the use of microwaves in coordination chemistry began not long ago and, due to the highly limited number of results, these works can be considered as a careful pioneer experimentation, in order to establish the suitability of this technique for synthetic coordination chemistry. 

Most commercially manufactured esters are produced by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid. This esterification reaction is reversible and is commonly referred to as a condensation reaction, since water is a by-product. The type of ester under consideration is referred to as a diester and can be produced by reacting a monohydric alcohol with a dicarboxylic acid. For example ... 

Rhijn W. M. V., De Vos D. E., Sels B. R, Bossaert W. D. and Jacobs P. A., Sulfonic acid functionalised ordered mesoporous materials as catalysts for condensation and esterification reactions, Chem. Commun. (1998) pp. 317-318. 

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