Conclusions on Lithium-Based Batteries

This section provides conclusive remarks on lithium-based primary batteries, in particular on energy density capability, power density limit, the impact of temperature on battery performance, shelf life, safety and reliability, the environmental impact of batteries, and price-to-performance ratio [3]. Each item is summarized as follows  

Energy density. Both the weight and size of the battery are critical, particularly in aerospace, military, and spacecraft applications when multiple battery modules are required to meet the output power level for the desired service life. For both the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, LiCF batteries enjoy a distinct advantage. 

Power density. The total capacity of a battery is characterized by its power density, which varies as a function of current level required for a specific application. In some applications, power density variation is based on a form-factor of the battery. Performance comparison must be made under specific circumstances involved in an application. Customization of a battery takes place during the manufacturing phase by altering how fluorine is introduced into the carbon structure at the atomic level. Customization of a battery is a complex and cumbersome process. 

Safety The use of liquid or gaseous material for either the cathode or electrolyte can raise safety and reliability concerns during battery deployment. The worst battery candidates are LiSOj and Li-SOClj, which both require the use of pressurized canisters or housings, which can rupture and vent or leak corrosive and toxic gases. The deployment of pressurized canisters provides safety to the equipment and to the people working nearby. 

Shelf life Shelf life is critical in applications for which a device is required to provide adequate safety during storage to protect its structural elements. Shelf life is particularly important for public safety, search-and-rescue operations, and certain medical equipment. The four distinct lithium-based batteries 

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