Concluding Remarks and Future Directions in MD

It is worth quoting that few cost estimations for some MD-specific cases were made by MD researchers (Fane et al., 1987 Sarti et al., 1993 Drioli et al., 1999). This is due to the fact that the MD process has not been implemented commercially yet. The cost of various principal components of an MD plant such as large-scale MD modules and membranes, pretreatments, optimum flow conditions, long-term MD performance, which may be associated with flux decline and influence the costs, fouling, and membrane life are not sufficiently known yet. 

FESEM Field emission scanning electron microscopy 

4 Membrane made by the copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene) 

Volatile organic compounds Vapor pressure polarization coefficient Vinyltrimethylsilicon/carbon tetrailuoride X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Zirconia 

Khayet would like to thank Juan 1. Mengual from the Department of Apphed Physics 1, Faculty of Physics, University Complutense of Madrid (Spain) for introducing him to the fascinating field of MD and Takeshi Matsuura for his guidance in membrane design. 

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