Concentration of Solutions by Evaporation

Before a solution is saturated or supersaturated it usually has to be concentrated by evaporation of the solvent. Since the vapor pressure of the dissolved solid is normally negligible during evaporation, only the sol- 

Solvent evaporation has to be carried out with a minimum total cost. This implies minimal energy consumption with respect to the evaporation rate, but also investment costs, maintenance and service costs have to be in an acceptable range. Solution concentration by evaporation of solvent, is carried out in single or multistage evaporation units with or without thermal or mechanical vapor compression, or in multistage flash evaporation units. Common evaporation units include circulating evaporators, continuous (single pass) evaporators or flash evaporators. 

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