Computer-controlled charging systems

To avoid this problem for lithium-ion batteries consisting out of non-overcharge-able cells, computer-controlled charging systems regulate the voltage for each single cell. 

In 1990, Bushey and Jorgenson developed the first automated system that coupled HPLC with CZE (19). This orthogonal separation technique used differences in hydrophobicity in the first dimension and molecular charge in the second dimension for the analysis of peptide mixtures. The LC separation employed a gradient at 20 (xL/min volumetric flow rate, with a column of 1.0 mm ID. The effluent from the chromatographic column filled a 10 pU loop on a computer-controlled, six-port micro valve. At fixed intervals, the loop material was flushed over the anode end of the CZE capillary, allowing electrokinetic injections to be made into the second dimension from the first. 

The spectroscopy system uses a dispersive element and a detector which is either a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a diode array. A computer is required for instrument control and for intensive data processing. 

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