Compton internal

Hollenberg MD, Compton SJ (2002) International union of pharmacology. XXVII. Proteinase-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev 54 203-217... 

Sakurai, Y. (1995) High-resolution Compton-profile measurements, Second International Workshop on Compton Scattering and Fermiology, Tokyo, Japan. 

Compton Normalization (CN) is an internal standard, in which spectra are normalized to the Compton peak, which is produced by incoherent backscattering of the source radiation and is present in every sample. The intensity of the incoherent radiation backscatter reflects... 

B( ) is variously called the reciprocal form factor, the p-space form factor, and the internally folded density. B(s) is the basis of a method for reconstructing momentum densities from experimental data [145,146], and it is useful for the r-space analysis of Compton profiles [147-151]. The B(s) function probably first arose in an examination of the connection between form factors and the electron momentum density [129]. The B f) function has been rediscovered by Howard et al. [152]. 

Al-Adwani A Basu N (2004). Methadone and excessive sweating. Addiction, 99, 259 Alford DP, Compton P Samet JH (2006). Acute pain management for patients receiving maintenance methadone or buprenorphine therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144, 127-134... 

Because quantum theory is supposed only to deal with observables it may be, and is, argued as meaningless to enquire into the internal structure of an electron, until it has been observed directly. To treat an electron as a point particle is therefore considered mathematically sufficient. However, an electron has experimentally observed properties such as the Compton wavelength and spin, which can hardly be ascribed to a point particle. The only reasonable account of such properties has, to date, been provided by wave models of the electron. 

In practice a sample is counted normally as described for the channels ratio method and then counted a second time with a source of y-rays (usually Cs or Ba) positioned in the center of the counting chamber just below the sample vial (see Figure 3-19). Any quenching that occurs has the same effect on the efficiency and spectrum of the Compton electrons as it does on those of the sample j8 particles. Since this technique has incorporated the procedures of both internal standardization and channels ratio correction methods, it is no surprise that the data obtained must be treated as described above for both of these techniques. The first or normal count rate obtained in each channel arises only from the sample and may be represented as follows ... 

Using the Compton line of the tube as an internal standard reference sometimes enables a thorough correction of the matrix effects. This is illustrated by the analysis of trace elements Ni and V in petroleum products where the sulphur content is variable. Whilst, in the absence of sulphur, the matrix is extremely light and thus not particularly absorbent, an increase in sulphur content leads to a noticeable absorption of the Ni and V signals. The first curve in Figure 4.11 is plotted from net intensity levels measured on vanadium, whereas, in the lower curve the net V K. intensity levels have been replaced by the intensity ratios ... 

Compton, D. M. T., Schoen, A. H. (eds.) Proc. Second Intern. Conf. on the Mossbauer Effect, Saclay, France 1961. New York Wiley 1962. 

Absorption means diminution of coherent x-ray intensity in the crystal through inelastic processes such as atomic absorption and fluorescence, photoelectron emission, and Compton effect extinction means intensity diminution due to loss through diffraction by fortuitously oriented mosaic blocks. The simple extinction expression due to Darwin, given in Eq. (18), is only a rough approximation more accurate treatments will be mentioned in what follows. In Eq. (17) the absorption factor is expressed in terms of the linear absorption coefficient /inn (calculated from tabulated values of the elemental atomic or mass absorption coefficients, updated values of which will appear in Vol. IV of International Tables,2 the path length f, of the incident ray from the crystal surface to the point of diffraction r, and the path length t2 of the diffracted ray from that point to the crystal surface. 

SV Compton, DAC Compton. Optimization of data by internal reflectance spectros-... 

The high sensitivity of the Allendoerfer cell makes it of great value in the detection of unstable radicals but, for the study of the kinetics and mechanism of radical decay, the use of a hydrodynamic flow is required. The use of a controlled, defined, and laminar flow of solution past the electrode allows the criteria of mechanism to be established from the solution of the appropriate convective diffusion equation. The uncertain hydrodynamics of earlier in-situ cells employing flow, e.g. Dohrmann [42-45] and Kastening [40, 41], makes such a computational process uncertain and difficult. Similarly, the complex flow between helical electrode surface and internal wall of the quartz cell in the Allendoerfer cell [54, 55] means that the nature of the flow cannot be predicted and so the convective diffusion equation cannot be readily written down, let alone solved Such problems are not experienced by the channel electrode [59], which has well-defined hydrodynamic properties. Compton and Coles [60] adopted the channel electrode as an in-situ ESR cell. 

Detection of internal conversion electrons. Radioisotopes emitting internal conversion (IC) electrons also emit gammas and X-rays. The use of a single detector to count electrons will record not only IC electrons but also Compton electrons produced in the detector by the gammas. To eliminate the Compton electrons, one can utilize the X-rays that are emitted simultaneously with the IC electrons. Thus, a second detector is added for X-rays and the counting system... 

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