Compounds Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Carboxylic acids are members of a class of acyl compounds which all contain an electronegative group bonded to RCO. 

OH halogen OCOR OR nh2 carboxylic acid acid halide acid anhydride ester amide 

Y = X (halogen), OCOR, OR or NH2 Nucleophiles = H20, ROH, NH3, RNH2, R2NH This process can be acid catalysed 

Carboxylic acid derivatives, like aldehydes and ketones, can also undergo a-substitution and carbonyl-carbonyl condensation reactions. 

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The next several chapters deal with the chemistry of various oxygen containing func tional groups The interplay of these important classes of compounds—alcohols ethers aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids and derivatives of carboxylic acids— IS fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry... 

REDUCTION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES... 

Chapter 10 - Reduction of Carbonyi Compounds, Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives, Pages 330-370... 

You can use the unique spectroscopy of carboxylic acids and derivatives, described in the following list, to help you identify those compounds. 

Carbon Disulfide under Sulfur Compounds Carbon Monoxide under Carbon Compounds Carbon Tetrachloride under Saturated Alkyl Halides Carbon Tetrafluoride under Saturated Alkyl Halides Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids with Other Functional Groups Cesium... 

See also page 403, Section 6, for the synthesis of a,/3-unsaturated nitriles, carboxylic acids and derivatives, and page 1711, Section 4, for the homologation of carbonyl compounds. 

J. Malek, Reduction by Metal Alkoxyaluminum Hydrides. Part II. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives, Nitrogen Compounds, and Sulfur Compounds, Org. React. 1988, 36, 249-590. 

D. W Boykin and A. L. Baumstark, 170 NMR spectroscopic data for carbonyl compounds I. Aldehydes and ketones II. Carboxylic acids and derivatives, in 17O NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry, D. W. Boykin, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991. 

Disposal methods for some of the more common classes of organic compounds may be found in Chemical Safety Matters (hydrocarbons halogenated hydrocarbons alcohols and phenols ethers, thiols, and organosnlfnr componnds carboxylic acids and derivatives aldehydes ketones amines nitro and nitroso componnds and peroxides). 

Acyl compounds—carboxylic acids and their derivatives—typically undergo nucleophilic substitution in which —OH, —Cl, —OOCR, —NH2, or —OR is replaced by some other basic group. Substitution takes place much more readily than at a saturated carbon atom indeed, many of these substitutions do not usually take place at all in the absence of the carbonyl group, as, for example, replacement of-NHjby-OH. 

Most information on cyclocondensation reactions of ZV-aminoazoles is concerned with vicinal N.C-diaminoazoles. In most cases, reactions were carried out with various carbonyl-containing compounds carboxylic acids and their derivatives, aldehydes and ketones, 1,2- an 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, etc. Depending on the structure of these synthons, cyclocondensations lead to the formation of five-, and six- or seven-membered heterocycles. 

The photochemical behaviour of another class of oxygen-containing compounds, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, has received only limited attention because of their usually inadequate absorption above 250 nm. They typically undergo homolytic cleavage to give photodecarboxylation products (entry 7). 

Synthesis from thioamides. Compounds prepared using thioamides include 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(hydroxy or acyl)phenyl] thiazol-5-ylacetic acids,2-(hydroxyphenyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acids and derivatives, and substituted... 

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