Components, LABs electrolytes

Residual stress within cells and components is evidently a key concern for developers of SOFCs [79], and analysis of this can readily be achieved using synchrotron x-ray studies. Villanova et al. [80] demonstrated the complementarity of both laboratory and synchrotron x-ray sources through their investigation of all components of the fuel cell. From lab x-ray studies they were able to determine residual stress in an anode-supported SOFC. Macroscopic stresses were determined in each layer through the analysis of lattice deformation. A significant finding of inhomogeneous stress distribution in the electrolyte led these authors to use the... 

The Thevenin equivalent circuit is the simplest combination, since it is the association of an ideal voltage source and a resistor connected in series. This is a much more realistic way of modeling a lead-acid battery. Indeed, the resistor illustrates the voltage drop due to the current passing through the components of the battery. In the case of LABs, this instantaneous voltage drop mainly results from the low electrical conductivity of electrolyte and is proportional to the current. But, such a simple combination does not account for the polarization of the electrodes happening later on, when the battery is operated. 

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