Component ratio, initial

In one of these groups the polymer network consisting of synthetic and natural polymers is formed directly in the process of grafting. The degree of swelling is determined by the reaction condititions including the component ratio, initiation method, and ionogenic monomer content. 

The second group includes SAHs obtained by radical grafting of acrylonitrile (AN) on natural polymers, mostly starch, under the action of cerium initiators [43 -46, 50, 51], The proper crosslinked hydrophilic polymer is formed at the stage of alkali hydrolysis of grafted polyacrylonitrile (PAN), the final characteristics depending on many factors, in particular the sort of starch [46], the methods of its preparation [51], the component ratio, etc. The nature of starch is exhibited through... 

The system factors are Xrsolvent and basic component ratio, 1 X2-temperature of reaction, °C and X3-time of reaction, min. It should be pointed out that with simplex optimization, the initial simplex is not located in the center of the coordinate beginning, as already shown in Fig. 2.54. Vertex A has the lowest level of yield in the initial simplex so that it is rejected and new vertex A" coordinates determined by formula (2.182) ... 

Van Krevelen diagrams, of atomic O/C versus H/C ratios, are frequently used to compare the compositions of coals and their components. Typical initial (immature) positions of some of the major macerals and plant tissues in such a plot are shown in Fig. 4.3.As can be seen... 

In Fig. 6.3-4 typical performance data of ten different extractor designs are presented (Stichlmair 1980). All extractors have been operated with the system tolu-ene/acetone/water with toluene as dispersed phase and acetone as transfer component. The initial concentration of acetone in water was approximately 5 wt.%. The mass transfer took place from the continuous water phase into the dispersed toluene phase. The ratio of toluene to water has been chosen so that operating and equilibrium lines are parallel in the y/x diagram. Such operation conditions avoid pinches and, in turn, facilitate the calculation of the equilibrium stages from measured concentrations. The data presented in Fig. 6.3-4 are valid for small units only, e.g., with diameters from 50 to 100 mm. 

In this chapter it was shown by X-ray technique (WAXS) that the original samples of PHBV are characterized by high crystallinity. In their diffraction patterns at least 5 reflections of the orthorhombic lattice with characteristics a = 5.1 A k,b = 13.24 A and c = 5.98 A were determined that well conform with the earlier studies [11, 12]. In Fig. 2.1, the WAXS dif-fractograms are presented as asset of curves belonging to initial PHBV (7), PHBV treated by water at 40 °C (2), PHBV/SPEU blend with component ratio 40/60 (3), the same blend treated by water at 70 °C (4), and the PHBV/SPEU (60/40) blend also treated by water at 70 °C (5). The SPEU presence in the system leads to an amorphous hallo in the range 22° (cf. curves 1 and 2), its intensity is increased with the SPEU content. 

The coalescence/dispersion factor is responsible for dispersing or particle agglomeration. Changes in the system s qualitative and quantitative components ratio during the crosslinking reaction can lead to particle collapse (the lower polymer density, when compared with that of the monomer, generates pearls with a lower volume than that of the initial droplet). 

Figure 6.5.4 Change of steel components ratio in a NaCI-KCI melt during anodic dissolution ofAISI 316L( dashed lines - initial ratio of the components in steel)...

Figure 2 shows variations in the lipid component ratio in the small intestine perfusates. In the TAG perfusion group, the triolein was rapidly degraded to diolein, monoolein (mainly 2-monoolein) and oleic acid, and completely disappeared from the perfusate 40 minutes after initiation of perfusion. In the DAG (diolein) perfusion group, monoolein and oleic acid also formed as the diolein degraded - but, unlike the triolein perfusion, 65% (w/w) of the monoolein was l(3)-monoolein 60 minutes after initiation of perfusion. These results thus suggest that the production of 1(3)-MAG may be a characteristic of DAG metabolism. 

The stereospecificity is depending on the value of components ratio ZnEt2/H20. Both for oxiranes (2) and for thiiranes (16) the most selective initiators were obtained when 1 1 ratio was used. For ratio below 1, some cationic character appears with partial ring-opening in a position. 

Characteristic quenching scale (CQS) Critical dimensions of a channel/tube where laminar fiame can be quenched. Minimum channel height at which hydrocarbon + air mixture (components ratio in the range between 1 and 2) can burn at normal conditions is close to 1.6 mm. Minimum tube diameter at the same conditions is close to 2 mm. CQS is inversely proportional to the initial pressure and is less for quick-burning mixtures. Turbulent flame breakthrough is possible when a tube dimension is equal to CQS. For safety purposes (completely excluding the blast transition) it is reasonable to use MSSO. 

Fig. 46 Temperature dependencies of mechanical losses for initial networks (a,b) and for IPNs with component ratio 65 35 (c), 50 50 (d) by mass % at various frequencies (as in Fig. 45) [245]...

Introduction of 20 mass % of OUDM in all cases changes the relaxation properties (curves T-30, especially for PU/PS compositions 50 50 (curve 2 ) and 30 70 (curve 3 ). Instead of two maxima, these systems reveal only one maximum situated on the temperature scale between temperatures of relaxation transitions of separated phases in the initial IPNs. For these modified IPNs, microphase separation was not observed (Table 19). As is clearly seen from Fig. 81, the height of the maximum and its temperature position depend on the component ratio. 

Extraction Between Two Phases When the sample is initially present in one of the phases, the separation is known as an extraction. In a simple extraction the sample is extracted one or more times with portions of the second phase. Simple extractions are particularly useful for separations in which only one component has a favorable distribution ratio. Several important separation techniques are based on simple extractions, including liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, solid-liquid, and gas-solid extractions. 

The physical process of Hquid—Hquid extraction separates a dissolved component from its solvent by transfer to a second solvent, immiscible with the first but having a higher affinity for the transferred component. The latter is sometimes called the consolute component. Liquid—Hquid extraction can purify a consolute component with respect to dissolved components which are not soluble in the second solvent, and often the extract solution contains a higher concentration of the consolute component than the initial solution. In the process of fractional extraction, two or more consolute components can be extracted and also separated if these have different distribution ratios between the two solvents. 

Polymerization. The polymerization of aziridines takes place ia the presence of catalytic amounts of acid at elevated temperatures. The molecular weight can be controlled by the monomer—catalyst ratio, the addition of amines as stoppers, or the use of bifimctional initiators. In order to prevent a vigorous reaction, the heat Hberated during the highly exothermic polymerization must be removed by various measures, ie, suitable dilution, controlled metering of the aziridine component, or external cooling after the reaction has started. 

---