Complimentary metal oxide development

Let us consider a stoichiometric crystal with composition MX. If a charged point defect is formed in such a crystal, a complimentary point defect with opposite effective charge must be formed to conserve the electroneutrality of the stoichiometric crystal. Two types of defect stractures have been found to be important in stoichiometric metal oxides and these are termed Schottky and Frenkel defects, respectively, honouring early contributions of two of the many German scientists who pioneered the development of defect chemistry (Schottky (1935), Frenkel (1926)). 

In contrast to standard borohydride reductive nanoparticle synthesis, we have developed an alternative strategy to amino acid encapsulated nanoparticles by utilizing a metal nanoparticle (M°-(Ligand))/metal ion (M"+) precursor redox pair with matched oxidation/reduction potentials. Simply, a metal nanoparticle such as Pt°-(Cys) acts as the principal reductant to a complimentary selected metal ion of Au + resulting in a new stabilized metal nanoparticle of Au°-(Cys) and the oxidation product of the original nanoparticle Pt"+. Malow et al. have reported a metathesis/transmetallation type reaction between a platinum colloid and a Au cyanide compound. Similarly, we employed a Pt°-(Cys)/AuCl4 pair and 0.5-2.0 equivalents of Au to Pt -(Cys). XRD analysis of the nanoparticle products revealed differences in crystallinity... 

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