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Complex systems, electrical property

Modern representations of the virtual heart, therefore, describe structural aspects like fibre orientation in cardiac muscle, together with the distribution of various cell types, active and passive electrical and mechanical properties, as well as the coupling between cells. This then allows accurate reproduction of the spread of the electrical wave, subsequent contraction of the heart, and effects on blood pressure, coronary perfusion, etc. It is important to point out, here, that all these parameters are closely interrelated, and changes in any one of them influence the behaviour of all others. This makes for an exceedingly complex system. [Pg.137]

In addition to the described above methods, there are computational QM-MM (quantum mechanics-classic mechanics) methods in progress of development. They allow prediction and understanding of solvatochromism and fluorescence characteristics of dyes that are situated in various molecular structures changing electrical properties on nanoscale. Their electronic transitions and according microscopic structures are calculated using QM coupled to the point charges with Coulombic potentials. It is very important that in typical QM-MM simulations, no dielectric constant is involved Orientational dielectric effects come naturally from reorientation and translation of the elements of the system on the pathway of attaining the equilibrium. Dynamics of such complex systems as proteins embedded in natural environment may be revealed with femtosecond time resolution. In more detail, this topic is analyzed in this volume [76]. [Pg.219]

The present knowledge about molecular organization in lyotropic liquid crystalline phases is summarized. Particular attention is given to biologicaly relevant structures in lipid-water systems and to lipid-protein interactions. "New findings are presented on stable phases (gel type) that have ordered lipid layers and high water content. Furthermore, electrical properties of various lipid structures are discussed. A simple model of l/l noise in nerve membranes is presented as an example of interaction between structural and electrical properties of lipids and lipidr-protein complexes. [Pg.50]

Biological Implications of Structural and Electrical Properties of Lipids. It is rather obvious that the structure of lipids is very important in connection with the function of living cells since most physiological processes occur in lipid environment. There is, for example, evidence that lipid-protein complexes are necessary for the proper functioning of mitochondria (56). Although lipids are most important in providing a suitable material for functional complexes (ionic channels, electron transport systems, receptor units, etc.), their own physical properties are certainly... [Pg.72]

The first carbon nanotubes discovered in nature, such as those produced in Iijima s experiments, were multiwalled nanotuhes (MWNT). Multiwalled nanotuhes consist of a number of concentric carbon cylinders, a set of tubes nested inside each other. They are somewhat complex systems that are relatively difficult to study. An important step forward in research on carbon nanotuhes occurred in 1993, when scientists learned how to make single-walled nanotubes (SWNT). Using the simpler SWNTs, scientists have learned quite rapidly a great deal about the electrical conductivity, tensile strength, flexibility, toughness, and other physical properties of carbon nanotuhes. [Pg.90]

The work which is reviewed here provides accurate structural data from micro-wave and radiofrequency spectroscopy of relatively small molecule, hydrogen bonded complexes. Its role has been to provide information concerning the stereochemistry and electronic properties — electric dipole moments and nuclear hyperfine interactions — characteristic of hydrogen bonds. The experiments are done on gas phase samples, often in molecular beams, which eliminates environmental perturbations of the hydrogen bonds. In addition, the small molecules used are amenable to ab initio calculations 7 9) and thus the results are extremely useful as criteria for the accuracy of these calculations. Finally, the results are useful to construct models of more complex systems in chemistry and biology involving hydrogen bonds 4). [Pg.86]

The (/a) regime of 1.20 0.02 A in Lno.jAo.sMnOs, which exhibits complex phenomena and properties, including reentrant transitions, deserves further study. It is useful to examine such systems with fixed (rA) and variable cation size mismatch. Charge ordering in the layered manganates has to be investigated in detail. We do not yet have a full understanding of the extraordinary effect of electric fields on the CO state. [Pg.297]


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