Complementary strands

Lee G U, Chrisey L A and Colton R J 1994 Direct measurement of the forces between complementary strands of DNA Science 266 771... 

Dou ble hel ix (Section 28 8) The form in which DNA normally occurs in living systems Two complementary strands of DNA are associated with each other by hydrogen bonds be tween their base pairs and each DNA strand adopts a helical shape... 

Second PCR combine products above denaturation, annealing of complementary strands... 

FIGURE 12.1 DNA replication yields two daughter DNA duplexes identical to the parental DNA molecule. Each original strand of the double helix serves as a template, and the sequence of nucleotides in each of these strands is copied to form a new complementary strand by the enzyme DNA polymerase. By this process, biosynthesis yields two daughter DNA duplexes from the parental double helix. 

In principle, the Maxam-Gilbert method can provide the total sequence of a dsDNA molecule just by determining the purine positions on one strand and then the purines on the complementary strand. Complementary base-pairing rules then reveal the pyrimidines along each strand, T complementary to where A is, C complementary to where G occurs. (The analogous approach of locating the pyrimidines on each strand would also provide sufficient information to write the total sequence.)... 

If cis the concentration of single-stranded DNA at time t, then the second-order rate equation for two complementary strands coming together is given by the rate of decrease in c ... 

Examine DNA. How many base pairs does it contain Starting from one end, write down the sequence of bases in one strand. Write down the sequence in the complementary strand. Is this a proper DNA fragment, or does it contain base-pair mismatches ... 

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the intermediate template between DNA and proteins. The information from a particular gene is transferred from a strand of DNA by the construction of a complementary strand of RNA through a process known as transcription. The amount of any particular type of mRNA in a cell reflects the extent to which a gene has been expressed . 

II cleaves the two complementary strands of DNA four base pairs apart and the resulting 5 -phosphoryl groups become covalently linked to a pair of tyrosine groups, one in each half of the dimeric topoisomerase II enzyme. Several groups of drugs are known that selectively inhibit topoisomerases in bacteria (quino-lones) or mammalian cells (etoposide, tenoposide). Quinolones are used to treat bacterial infections inhibitors of mammalian topoisomerases are cytostatic drugs used for the treatment of cancer. 

Lee et al. [60] investigated the adhesion of a single pair of DNA strands. They identified two types of forces interchain forces associated with Watson-Crick base pairing between complementary strands, and intrachain forces associated with the elasticity of single strands. For studying interchain interactions, complementary oligomers (ACTG)s and... 

Construction of the DNA chip (Nicolini 1996) requires a single-helix DNA immobilized at the surface of the device and sensitive to the binding of the complementary strand. 

Barton and coworkers have shown that proteins can in fact modulate the DNA electron transfer [168]. Methyltransferases are enzymes that recognize distinct DNA sequences, e.g., 5 -G CGC-3, and effect methylation by extrading the target base cytosine ( C) completely out of the DNA duplex while the remainder of the double helix is left intact. The methyltransferase Hha 1-DNA complex is a well-characterized example, revealing that the structure of the DNA is significantly but locally distorted [169,170]. In a recent study, Raj ski et al. used DNA duplex 20 containing the M.Hha I binding site between two oxidizable 5 -GG-3 sites [168] (Fig. 20). The duplex contains a complementary strand, selectively 5 -modified with a Rh intercalator that can function as a photooxidant. Upon... 

FIG. 20 DNA duplex 20 used for studies regarding the protein-modulated DNA electron transfer. Methyltransferase M.Hhal is capable of binding to the shadowed recognition site between two oxidizable 5 -GG-3 sites (outlined letters). The complementary strand of the duplex contains the Rh intercalator, [Rh(phi)2bpy ], at its 5 end, which can function as a photooxidant. (Adapted from Ref. 168.)... 

Figure 35-4. The double-stranded structure of DNA and the template function of each old strand (dark shading) on which a new (light shading) complementary strand is synthesized.

Figure 35-5. DNA replication is semiconservative. During a round of replication, each of the two strands of DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand.

DNA is organized into two strands by the pairing of bases A to T and G to C on complementary strands. These strands form a double helix around a central axis. 

Figure 36-15. The RNA-primed synthesis of DNA demonstrating the template function of the complementary strand of parental DNA.

Hybridization The specific reassociation of complementary strands of nucleic acids (DNA with DNA, DNA with RNA, or RNA with RNA). 

DNA, apsPtDNA, contains an overhanging G-residue that undergoes preferential inter-duplex crosslinking (4°C over a period of 2 months) to form 3 -crosslinked complementary strands. Duplex melting and intramolecular hybridization at pH 4.2 leads to the formation of parallel stranded DNA, psPtDNA. 

SCHEME 9.20 Single-stranded DNA has the ability to trap both quinone methide equivalents of QMP11 and then transfer one of these equivalents to a complementary strand of DNA. 

After the virus has attached to CD4 and chemokine receptors, another viral glycoprotein (gp41) assists with viral fusion to the cell and internalization of the viral contents. The viral contents include single-stranded RNA, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (also known as reverse transcriptase), and other enzymes. Using the single-stranded viral RNA as a template, reverse transcriptase synthesizes a complementary strand of DNA. The single-stranded viral RNA is removed from the newly formed DNA strand by ribonuclease H, and reverse transcriptase completes the synthesis of double-stranded DNA. The... 

The dynamics of interstrand hole transport have also been investigated for several hairpins possessing GACC hole transport sequences in which a GG secondary donor is located in the complementary strand [41]. Kinetic data for 4GACC are reported in Fig. 9 and the resulting equilibrium data in Table 1. Comparison of the values of kt for 4GACC and 4GAGG shows that there is a kinetic penalty of 1/6 for inter- vs intrastrand hole transport. A... 

Theoreticians have also considered the difference in the distance dependence of hole transport in G(T)nG sequences. Voityuk et al. [56] predict more rapid hole transport for Tn vs An bridges and a ca. 10-fold decrease in kt for each additional bridging base. Olofsson and Larsson [55] also predict more rapid hole transport via Tn vs An bridges. However, Troisi and Orlandi [54] and Rak et al. [57] have recently reached the opposite conclusion, going so far as to predict that hole transport in G(T)nG sequences would occur via the polyA sequence in the complementary strand. If hole transport does in fact occur via the complementary An bridge in Tn-bridged systems, then the... 

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