Common average reference

Keywords— Electroencephalogram, Physical fatigue. Current Source Density, Common Average Reference. 

However, it should be noted that most of the EEG studies on physical fatigue is based on the referential EEG data. It has been pointed out by [6] that the referential method may have certain drawbacks since it is dependent on the location of the reference. Thus, it has been suggested using both the Common Average Reference (CAR) method as well as the Current Source Density (CSD) method [7] hand in hand to provide a more complete view of the EEG content. 

In this study, only the eyes closed data will be process. This is because the eyes-closed condition exists immediately after the experimental task has been completed. The EEG recordings obtained at each location is actually dependent on the reference electrode. Montages have been used to remove this reference electrode effect. The Referential (REF) method is compared with both the Common Average Reference (CAR) method as well as the Current Source Density (CSD) method. In order to compute the CSD, the software is downloaded based on the algorithm given by [7]. The formula to calculate the CAR is given by (4)... 

The third commonly encountered form of Fick s first law is in the mass average reference velocity frame v. 

This distribution of molecular masses and sizes can now be routinely quantified for all soluble polymers by gel permeation chromatography (1). While this distribution is useful both in practice and in theory, many properties of the polymer sample depend on a single middle value of the distribution. There are, however, several ways to reduce the distribution to a middle value. Each of these reductions is important because they correlate with or predict a certain subset of physical or chemical properties of the polymer. The common averages of a polymer molecular mass distribution are number (m=1), viscosity (m=1 +a ), weight (m=2), and z or zeta average (m=3). These "averages" are actually ratios of the m- moment of the molecular mass distribution to the preceding moment in the above list. The moments of a distribution are fundamental properties of any distributed variable and are covered in detail in reference 2. 

A microscopic description characterizes the structure of the pores. The objective of a pore-structure analysis is to provide a description that relates to the macroscopic or bulk flow properties. The major bulk properties that need to be correlated with pore description or characterization are the four basic parameters porosity, permeability, tortuosity and connectivity. In studying different samples of the same medium, it becomes apparent that the number of pore sizes, shapes, orientations and interconnections are enormous. Due to this complexity, pore-structure description is most often a statistical distribution of apparent pore sizes. This distribution is apparent because to convert measurements to pore sizes one must resort to models that provide average or model pore sizes. A common approach to defining a characteristic pore size distribution is to model the porous medium as a bundle of straight cylindrical or rectangular capillaries (refer to Figure 2). The diameters of the model capillaries are defined on the basis of a convenient distribution function. 

The vast majority of the kinetic detail is presented in tabular form. Amassing of data in this way has revealed a number of errors, to which attention is drawn, and also demonstrated the need for the expression of the rate data in common units. Accordingly, all units of rate coefficients in this section have been converted to mole.l-1.sec-1 for zeroth-order coefficients (k0), sec-1 for first-order coefficients (kt), l.mole-1.sec-1 for second-order coefficients (k2), l2.mole-2.sec-1 for third-order coefficients (fc3), etc., and consequently no further reference to units is made. Likewise, energies and enthalpies of activation are all in kcal. mole-1, and entropies of activation are in cal.deg-1mole-1. Where these latter parameters have been obtained over a temperature range which precludes the accuracy favoured by the authors, attention has been drawn to this and also to a few papers, mainly early ones, in which the units of the rate coefficients (and even the reaction orders) cannot be ascertained. In cases where a number of measurements have been made under the same conditions by the same workers, the average values of the observed rate coefficients are quoted. In many reactions much of the kinetic data has been obtained under competitive conditions such that rate coefficients are not available in these cases the relative reactivities (usually relative to benzene) are quoted. 

Since in most situations the perturbation quantities (V and c() are not explicitly resolved, it is not possible to evaluate the turbulent flux term directly. Instead, it must be related to the distribution of averaged quantities - a process referred to as parameterization. A common assumption is to relate the turbulent flux vector to the gradient of the averaged tracer distribution, which is analogous with the molecular diffusion expression. Equation (35). 

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