Color pathways

FIGURE 4 Different programming languages can access KEGG API REST Web services to retrieve colored pathways. The API returns a HTML page with respective pathway and metabolites marked. 

I SSRIs/clomipramine/SNRIs suppress the overactive neurons (colored in green) I by increasing serotonergic neurotransmission and activating 5-HT inhibitory I receptors on the green-colored pathways... 

From a sustainability perspective, padding-based dyeing methods for cotton fabrics are the most preferred coloration pathway (Schramm and Jantschgi, 1999). Relative to exhaust dyeing, pad-based dyeing methods offer (Leube, 2003) the following ... 

Piezochromic effects have been observed in a variety of other Cu(II) complexes. In some cases it can be shown that the stmctures of a series of related complexes foUow a reaction pathway with the stmcture of one complex at, for example, 8 GPa (80 kbar) corresponding to that of a related complex at, for example, 2 GPa (20 kbar). The changes in color of the complex, of course, foUow the same sequence. 

The distribution of rods and cones is shown in Figure 3b centered about the fovea, the area of the retina that has the highest concentration of cones with essentially no rods and also has the best resolving capabiUty, with a resolution about one minute of arc. The fovea is nominally taken as a 5° zone, with its central 1° zone designated the foveola. There are about 40 R and 20 G cones for each B cone in the eye as a whole, whereas in the fovea there are almost no B cones. A result of this is that color perception depends on the angle of the cone of light received by the eye. The extremely complex chemistry involved in the stimulation of opsin molecules, such as the rhodopsin of the rods, and the neural connections in the retinal pathway are well covered in Reference 21. 

The trichromatic theory, subsequendy confirmed by the existence of the three sets of cones, must be combined with the opponent theory, which is involved in the retinal pathway. A third approach, the appearance theory (2) or the retinex theory, must be added to explain color constancy and other effects. As one example of this last, consider an area perceived as red in a multicolored object such as a Mondrian painting when illuminated with white... 

FIGURE 4.10 The pathway of the ninhy-drin reaction, which produces a colored product called Ruhemann s Purple that absorbs light at 570 nm. Note that the reaction Involves and consumes two molecules of nlnhydrln. 

FIGURE 23.1 The pathways of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Species in blue, green, and peach-colored shaded boxes indicate other entry points for gluconeogenesis (in addition to pyruvate). 

The reaction proceeds by an ET pathway giving the I9e organoiron radical cation and the organic radical R which couple in the cage after escape ofX. The cationic Fe1 intermediate is noted at low temperature by its characteristic purple color and the classical spectrum of Fe1 species with rhombic distortion (g = 2.091, 2.012, 2.003 at —140 °C in acetone) before collapse to the orange substituted cyclohexa-dienyl Fe11 complexes. 

Figure 21.3 Modeling and simulation in the general context of the study of xenobiot-ics. The network of signals and regulatory pathways, sources of variability, and multistep regulation that are involved in this problem is shown together with its main components. It is important to realize how between-subject and between-event variation must be addressed in a model of the system that is not purely structural, but also statistical. The power of model-based data analysis is to elucidate the (main) subsystems and their putative role in overall regulation, at a variety of life stages, species, and functional (cell to organismal) levels. Images have been selected for illustrative purposes only. See color plate.

Figure 12. Two-dimensional cut through the potential surface for fragmentation of the transition state [OH - -CH3 F] complex as a function of the C—F bond length and the FCO angle. All other coordinates are optimized at each point of this PES. Pathway 1 is the direct dissociation, while pathway 2 leads to the hydrogen-bonded [CH3OH F ] structure. The letter symbols correspond to conhgurations shown in Fig. 11. Reprinted from [63] with permission from the American Association for the Advancement of Science. (See color insert.)...

RONEN G, CARMEL-GOREN L, ZAMIR D and HIRSCHBERG J (2000) An alternative pathway to 13-carotene formation in plant chromoplast discovered by map-based cloning of beta and old-gold color mutations in tomato , Proc Natl Acad Sci, 97, 11102-7. 

The shikimate pathway is the major route in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone, menaquinone, phyloquinone, plastoquinone, and various colored naphthoquinones. The early steps of this process are common with the steps involved in the biosynthesis of phenols, flavonoids, and aromatic amino acids. Shikimic acid is formed in several steps from precursors of carbohydrate metabolism. The key intermediate in quinone biosynthesis via the shikimate pathway is the chorismate. In the case of ubiquinones, the chorismate is converted to para-hydoxybenzoate and then, depending on the organism, the process continues with prenylation, decarboxylation, three hydroxy-lations, and three methylation steps. - ... 

Jaganathan, J. and Dugar, S.M., Authentication of straight whiskey by determination of the ratio of furfural to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, JAOC Int., 82, 997, 1999. Wang, R. and Schroeder, S.R., The effect of caramel coloring on the multiple degradation pathways of aspartame, J. Food Sci. 65, 1100, 2000. 

Koes, R., Verweij, W., and Quattrocchio, R, Flavonoids a colorful model for the regulation and evolution of biochemical pathways. Trends Plant Sci. 10, 236, 2005. Chandler, S., Commercialization of genetically modified ornamental plants, J. Plant Biotechnol. 5, 69, 2003. 

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