Collaterals, opening

Fig. 10. Associational system in the MOB. Biocytin anterograde labeling of the inlrabulbar association system (IAS) shown in dorsal (A) to ventral (F) horizontal sections. A. The injection site (asterisk) is located in the superficial half of the EPL on the lateral side of the main olfactory bulb. B-F, Biocytin-labeled tufted cells are located in the superficial part of the EPL and the deep part of the GCL. Axons and collaterals (open arrows) are densely labeled in the IPL of the medial side of the olfactory bulb ventral to the injection site. Bar in F = 800 fim and applied to all panels.

The evaluation should therefore also be open fo capfuring the surprises and collateral outcomes that may never have been anticipated in the original proposal. 

When the internal cold accumulates in the body, whatever the cause is, cold may contract the meridians, collaterals and muscles. The Qi gets obstructed and pain appears in the affected area. Herbs that promote the Qi movement and are warm in nature are used in these conditions to assist the herbs that warm the interior, expel cold, open up the meridians and therefore alleviate pain. Since they enter different meridians and regions, they may be selected to treat Qi obstruction in the related area. 

Assistant Open the meridians and collaterals, relax the tendons, reduce the Liver-heat, descend the Liver-Yang and spread the Liver-Qi... 

Ji Xue Teng is bitter, sweet and warm, and enters the Liver and Kidney meridians. It can tonify the blood, promote blood circulation and open the collaterals. It is often selected in the formula to treat numbness of the limbs, and stiff and uneasy sensations of the muscles and tendons. 

Herbs that open up the collaterals and benefit the muscles and joints should be used as required. 

These herbs are able to transform wind-phlegm and open up the meridians and collaterals. 

Zhu Li is also used as chief because it can effectively remove phlegm in the collaterals and open the Heart orifice. 

Jiang Can and Quan Xie open up the collaterals, extinguish wind and calm convulsions. 

These herbs are used to dissipate nodules. Ju Luo is sweet, bitter and neutral, and enters the Liver and Lung meridians. According to the concept that the pith of fruit enters the collaterals of the human body, Ju Luo is able to regulate the Qi, open up the collaterals and remove phlegm there. It can be used with other herbs such as Si Gua Luo and Ju Ye to regulate the Liver-Qi in order to treat distending pain in the breasts and hypochondria, such as in premenstrual syndrome and mastopathy. 

These substances particularly open up the meridians and collaterals, and treat numbness of the limbs caused by Liver-wind. Jiang Can and Chuan Tui are also used for itchy skin disorders caused by Liver-wind and Liver-heat. 

Distending pain in the breasts, especially before menstruation, due to Liver-Qi obstructing the collaterals use Ju Luo [Citri reticulatae fructus retinervus) and Si Gua Luo [Luffae fructus) to open up the collaterals. 

Ru Xiang is warm and pungent, and enters the Heart and Liver meridians Mo Yao is neutral and enters the Liver meridian. Ru Xiang and Mo Yao are a pair of herbs that are often used together. They can strongly disperse and descend congealed blood, open up the meridians and collaterals, and are very effective in relieving pain. 

Tao Ren breaks up the congealed blood in the collaterals with the help of Di Long which opens the collaterals. 

Zku Li is the coldest of these three herbs. It enters the Heart, Lung and Stomach meridians. It has a lubricating nature, can strongly eliminate phlegm-heat from the Heart, open the Heart orifice and unblock the meridians and collaterals so as to treat mental confusion, numbness and tingling of the limbs. 

Tian Ma is sweet and neutral, and enters the Liver meridian. It has a moderate and moist nature. It is the first-line choice to extinguish Liver-wind because it not only pacifies the Liver and extinguishes wind, and treats the manifestations (dizziness, headache, dry and tired eyes), but also treats the cause (deficiency of Liver-Yin and blood). It can remove wind-phlegm and open the collaterals, and is used to treat dizziness with nausea and vomiting. If it is combined with herbs that promote the Qi movement and blood circulation, it can treat stiffness, pain, numbness and tingling of limbs, such as in the sequelae of cerebrovascular accident. 

Assistant Open up the collaterals, improve vision and harmonize the Liver and Stomach... 

In traditional Chinese medicine, some worms are considered as being able to get into the small collaterals because they have the habit of drilling holes or passing through cracks. Worms that enter the Liver meridian can open the meridians and collaterals, and can therefore extinguish wind, relieve spasms and tremor, open the meridians and stop pain. 

Assistant Calm the mind, relax tendons, open meridians and collaterals... 

These substances are selected particularly to open up collaterals. Di Long is salty and cold, has drilling... 

Dang Gui Wei is considered as having a strong function of invigorating the blood its fine fibrils can particularly open the collaterals. It can be used to treat chronic Bi syndrome and skin disorders when the blood is deficient. 

Lu Lu Tong is pungent, bitter and neutral, and enters all the meridians. Lu in Chinese means road Tong means open. The name indicates that this herb is able to open the meridians and collaterals, expel wind-dampness and treat stiffness and numbness of the limbs in Bi syndrome. 

It can expel wind and dampness, and open the meridians and collaterals. 

Chuan Shan Jia and Zao Jiao Ci can open the meridians and activate the Qi and blood in the collaterals, promote discharge of pus and break up hardness. They are used as assistants. 

The firing rate of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells is known to depend on spatial location, that is, contextual environment information related to exploration behavior is encoded by cell activity (Hollup et al., 2001 Thompson and Best, 1990). In the present study, the population spike amplitude (PSA), measured with simultaneous determination of locomotor activity, in the CA1 field evoked by Schaffer collaterals stimulation was slightly decreased during exposure to the open field (Fig. 1). However, no significant difference in changes of synaptic transmission in the CA1 field was observed between the FS groups and non-FS controls (Koseki et al., 2007). 

Fig. 1. Behavioral response and hippocampal synaptic transmission during exposure to open field stress in freely moving rats. Behavior analysis and electrophysiological experiments were performed simultaneously during the postadolescent period (10-12 weeks old). (A) Locomotor activity estimated by total crossings for 30 min and (B) time-course of crossings during exposure to open field stress. (C) Time-course of population spike amplitude (PSA) in the hippocampal CA1 field evoked by Schaffer collaterals stimulation. Values are expressed as a percentage of the baseline level before open field stress. Non-FS, pups exposed to the footshock (FS) box without FS 2W-FS and 3W-FS, pups exposed to FS during the second and third postnatal weeks, respectively. Each value represents the mean S.E.M. p < 0.05 versus non-FS controls (modified from Koseki etal., 2007).

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