Coenzyme resveratrol

Structures of CHS complexed with different Coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters and product analogs (i.e., naringenin and resveratrol) demonstrate that the active site is buried within an interior cavity located in the cleft between the upper and lower domains of each monomer (Fig. 12.3). Considering the complexity of the reaction... 

Coenzyme QIO Melatonin DHEA Acetylcarnitine SAMe n-3-Fatty acids Carotenoids, e.g., lutein/lycopene Carotenoids, e.g., lutein/lycopene n-3-Fatty acids Soy isoflavonoids/protein Green tea extracts Octacosanol/policosanol Resveratrol Pycnogenol Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM... 

Diseases of the heart and circulatory system, cardiovascular diseases, have long been the leading cause of mortality in Europe and North America, and total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are the two most important risk factors for coronary heart disease. Decreased arterial compliance of the arteries is thought to contribute to systolic hypertension and coronary artery insufficiency. A number of nutraceuticals have been used for long-term prevention or symptom reduction in cardiovascular diseases, notably soy products, tea flavonoids, octacosanol, n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and, to a lesser extent, melatonin, Pycnogenol, resveratrol, coenzyme QIO, lycopene, and DHEA. 

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) eliminates the amino group from phenylalanine (12) to produce cinnamic acid (13). Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) hydroxidizes compound (13) to yield p-coumaric acid (14). 4-CoumaroyhCoA-ligase (4CL) complex catalyzed the conversion of p-coumaric acid (14) and coenzyme A (CoA) to 4-coumaroyl-CoA (15) and 3 moles malonyl-CoA (16). Stilbene synthase (STS) converts these two compounds (15,16) into resveratrol of stilbene (7) (Fig. 3) [23,24],... 

Condensation of p-coumaric acid and 3 or 4 molecules of mevalonic acid in conjugation with coenzyme A leads to the formation of resveratrol or tetrahydroxychalcones (THC) under the influence of stilbene synthase and chalcone synthase, respectively (Figure 3). Subsequent chalcone isomerase-assisted cyclization of IHC would lead to the formation of a tricyclic molecule, the simplest of which is a flavonone. Further reactions of flavonones lead to the formation of flavonols, flavones, catechins, anthocyanidins and isoflavones. These conqiounds are composed of Cg - C3 - Cg units and are also tiie building block of condensed tannins, referred to as proanthocyanidins (6). 

Resveratrol biosynthesis branches from the phenylpropanoid pathway. The resveratrol biosynthesis pathway consists of four enzymesrphenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), and stilbene synthase (STS). The first two enzymes of the pathway, PAL and C4H, convert phenylalanine into /)-coumaric acid. The third enzyme, 4CL, attaches /)-coumaric acid to the pantetheine group of coenzyme-A (CoA) to produce 4-coumaroyl-CoA. The fourth enzyme, STS, catalyzes the condensation of resveratrol from one molecule of 4-coumaroyl-CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA, which originate from fatty acid biosynthesis. TAL is homologous to PAL and converts the amino acid tyrosine directly into / -coumaric acid. Methylated resveratrol derivatives of pinostilbene and pterostilbene are produced by resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT) from resveratrol [135] (Figure 10.10). 

Figure 10.10 Biosynthetic pathway of pro- 4CL, 4-coumarate coenzyme A iigase CCL, duction of resveratrol and its derivatives cinnamate/4-coumarate coenzyme A Iigase from phenylalanine or tyrosine. PAL, pheny- STS, stilbene synthase and ROMT, resveratrol lalanine ammonia-lyase C4H, clnnamate-4- 0-methyltransferase. (Adapted from Jeong hydroxylase TAL, tyrosine ammonla-lyase et al. [135].)...

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