Coccinella

Cyfluthrin septumpunctata Coccinella Limit test Mortality 62.5 g a.i./ha - 100%... 

Attractive Compounds. While the defence chemistry of ladybird beetles has been extensively investigated, little is known about intraspecific communication. The role of chemical and behavioural cues has been described in mate recognition in Adalia bipunctata. Cuticular hydrocarbons, especially 7- and 9-methyltri-cosane seem to play an important role [301]. In Coccinella septempunctata, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine 158 (see Scheme 17) accounting for the dis-... 

The framework of coccinelline-type alkaloids may be generated by linear combination of seven acetate units, as illustrated in Scheme 57 (330,336). An intermediate such as 456 would explain the existence of the different ladybug alkaloids. Support for the polyketide origin has been provided by feeding experiments ( " CHjCOONa and CHg COONa) with Coccinella septempunctata (330). 

Monocyclic Carotenoids. Eighteen carotenoid hydrocarbons have been isolated from the ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata. Amongst the minor components were detected small amounts of the new y-ring derivatives 3, 4 -didehydro-y.i/f-carotene (6), 7, 8 -dihydro-y,i/f-carotene (7), and 7, 8, 1T,12 -tetrahydro-y,i -carotene (8). 

A number of nemertine worms, such as Amphiporus or Nereis, produce alkaloids such as 2,3-bipyridyl, anabaseine, nemertelline, or nereis-toxin, which are toxic to predators such as crayfish 4,17,28,230,226,). Arthropod-made alkaloids include glomerine and homoglomerine in Glom-erus 215), adaline in Adalia 227), coccinelline, euphococcinine, and derivatives in Coccinella, Epilachna, and other coccinellid beetles 28,226,227,235), and stenusine in Stenus 215), which are considered to be antipredatory compounds 4,17,28,494-496). 

Cs = Coccinella septenipunctata Cm = Cotesin marginiventris Tp/Tnb = Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma nr. brassicae. 

The defensive substances present in two species of ladybird beetles from Western Canada have been studied/ The known 2a-methylperhydro-9 >-azaphenalenes precoccinelline (38) and its iV-oxide, coccinelline were identified in Coccinella transversoguttata and hippodamine (39) and its iV-oxide convergine in Hippodamia caseyi. The latter species was also shown to contain two new pentahydro-azaphenalenes, hippocasine (40) and hippocasine N-oxide. The structure of the... 

A carotenoid unfortunately named neothxanthin, from the fish Neothunnus albacora, is considered to be e,e-caroten-3-ol (6) but has not been characterized fully.Further details of the absorption and mass spectra of the series of y-ring carotenoids obtained from the ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata have been published. It is unfortunate that the small amounts of material available did not permit determination of the chirality at C-6 of the y-ring (13). 

Three compounds containing a quinolizidine ring system have recently been isolated from beetles belonging to the family Coccinellidae. The first of these is coccinellin, C13H23NO, which appears to be an effective constituent of the defensive secretion of the common ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata L. Coccinellin is an N-oxide which can be reduced to the parent tertiary base, pre-coccinellin the latter is also present in the haemolymph of the insect. 

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