Morphine Cocaine

Pontieri FE, Tanda G, DiChiara G Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the shell as compared with the core of the rat nucleus accumbens. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 92 12304—12308, 1993... 

Lepore M, Vorel SR, Lowinson J, et al Conditioned place preference induced by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol comparison with cocaine, morphine, and food reward. LifeSci 56 2073-2080, 1995... 

Schedule (C-ll) II High addictive potential medical use accepted. No telephone call-in prescriptions no refills. Some states require special prescription form (eg, cocaine, morphine, methadone). 

Morphine and cocaine Morphine is medically the most important alkaloid present in opium. Opium itself consists of the dried milky exudate extracted from unripe capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), which is grown mainly in Asia, but also in some parts of India and China. Morphine is a powerful analgesic and has been used to treat severe pain. However, its addictive properties complicate its long-term medical use and it is also a drug of abuse. In addition to morphine, opium also contains codeine, which has similar, but weaker, actions. 

Heroin, LSD, mescaline, marijuana Amphetamines, cocaine, morphine, codeine Barbiturates, tranquilizers... 

Alkaloids Cocaine, morphine Separated on a C-18 high carbon loaded (20%) silica column mobile phase water (buffered with 0.02 M KH2P04, pH 3)—acetonitrile (75 25) detected by UV at 254 nm... 

Cocaine, morphine, opium, amphetamine, phencyclidine (PCP) High Accepted medical use with severe restrictions Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence... 

Exceptions to this last observation are encountered when the colored materials happen to be present in the same phase where, because of their excessive absorbances, the signal-to-noise ratio is decreased. This kind of complication was successfully handled in direct analytical assays devised for lysergic acid diamide (LSD)f and phencyclidine (PCP) in illicit drugs spiked with intensely colored dyes for L-cocaine, morphine, and methadone in the pharmaceutical product commonly referred to as Brompton s cocktails and for D-pseudoephedrine in children s Sudafed. ... 

The majority of resolutions that have been carried out depend upon the reaction of organic bases with organic acids to yield salts. Let us suppose, for example, that we have prepared the racemic acid, ( )-HA. Now, there are isolated from various plants very complicated bases called alkaloids (that is, alkali-like), among which are cocaine, morphine, strychnine, and quinine. Most alkaloids are produced by plants in only one of two possible enantiomeric forms, and hence they are optically active. Let us take one of these optically active bases, say a levorotatory one, ( )-B, and mix it with our racemic acid ( )-HA. The acid is present in two configurations, but the base is present in only one configuration there will result, therefore, crystals of two different salts, [(--) BH (- -)-A ] and [( )-BH+-(-)-A ]. 

Alkaloids are one of the most important classes of natural product providing drugs for humans since ancient times. Most alkaloids are well known because of their toxicity or use as psychodelic drugs (e.g. cocaine, morphine or the semisynthetic LSD), but many alkaloids have had a deep impact on the treatment of parasitic infections. The outstanding example is quinine (1) from Cinchona succirubra (Rubiaceae) used for the treatment of malaria for more than three centuries. 

The constant potential amperometric detector determines the current generated by the oxidation or reduction of electoactive species at a constant potential in an electrochemical cell. Reactions occur at an electrode surface and proceed by electron transfer to or from the electrode surface. The majority of electroactive compounds exhibit some degree of aromaticity or conjugation with most practical applications involving oxidation reactions. Electronic resonance in aromatic compounds functions to stabilize free radical intermediate products of anodic oxidations, and as a consequence, the activation barrier for electrochemical reaction is lowered significantly. Typical applications are the detection of phenols (e.g. antioxidants, opiates, catechols, estrogens, quinones) aromatic amines (e.g. aminophenols, neuroactive alkaloids [quinine, cocaine, morphine], neurotransmitters [epinephrine, acetylcoline]), thiols and disulfides, amino acids and peptides, nitroaromatics and pharmaceutical compounds [170,171]. Detection limits are usually in the nanomolar to micromolar range or 0.25 to 25 ng / ml. 

Probably the most important alkaloids are some of the potent habit-forming narcotic and hallucinogenic substances extracted from coca, opium, and peyote cactus plants. These include cocaine, morphine, heroin, and mescaline. LSD, an amide derivative of lysergic acid, first synthesized three decades ago, is among the most potent psychedelic drugs. Halo derivatives of mescaline are several times as potent as mescaline. 

Mayer s test A general presumptive test for cocaine, morphine, heroin, and other alkaloids. Mayer s reagent is a solution of potassium mercury iodide in water. A positive result is indicated by a cream precipitate. 

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