Cocaine birth defects

Church MW. Does cocaine cause birth defects Neurotoxicol Teratol 1993 15 289 discussion 311-12. 

Kashiwagi M, Chaoui R, Stallmach T, Hurlimann S, Lauper U, Hebisch G. Fetal bilateral renal agenesis, pho-comelia, and single umbilical artery associated with cocaine abuse in early pregnancy. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol 2003 67 951-2. 

In nine prospective, longitudinal, multicenter studies, 1227 infants who were exposed in utero to cocaine (n = 474), opiates (n = 50), cocaine + opiates (n = 48), or neither (n = 655) were followed for 1-3 years after birth. Prenatal exposure to cocaine and/or opiates was not associated with mental, motor, or behavioral defects after controlling for birth weight and environmental risks. This result should be treated with caution, since the effects of prenatal opiates or cocaine exposure may become more evident as more advanced motor, cognitive, language, and behavioral skills develop (57). 

Cocaine Causes miscarriages, fetal hypoxia (lack of oxygen), low birth weight, tremors, strokes, congenital heart disease, skull defects, and other malformations... 

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