Coatings, hydrocarbon solvents

Printing Inks. Printing ink preparation is similar to many coating systems. The resin is dissolved in the solvent, followed by pigment dispersion to produce the ink. In most printing operations, the solvent must evaporate fast for best production speed. Alcohol—hydrocarbon solvent combinations are used with polyamide resins for some printing processes (see Inks). 

Chisso-Asahi Fertilizer Company, Ltd. This company utilizes thermoplastic resins, such as polyolefins, poly(vinyhdene chloride), and copolymers, as their coating materials. The coatings are dissolved in fast-drying chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents and are appHed to a variety of substrates including urea, diammonium phosphate [7783-28-0] potassium sulfate [7778-80-3], potassium chloride [7447-40-7], and ammonium nitrate/potassium sulfate-based N—P—K fertilizers. 

Chisso-Asahi uses a spouted bed process for the production of their coated materials (12). A 12,000 t/yr faciHty is located in Japan. The semicontinuous process consists of two batch fluid-bed coaters. A dilute polymer solution is prepared by dissolving 5% polymer and release controlling agent into a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as trichloroethylene. The solution is metered into the spouted bed where it is appHed to the fertilizer core. Hot air, used to fluidize the granules, evaporates the solvent which is recovered and reintroduced into the process. Mineral talc, when used, is either slurried into the polymer solution or introduced into the fluidizing air. 

Organolithium compounds are sometimes prepared in hydrocarbon solvents such as pentane and hexane, but nonnally diethyl ether is used. It is especially important that the solvent be anhydrous. Even trace amounts of water or alcohols react with lithium to form insoluble lithium hydroxide or lithium alkoxides that coat the surface of the metal and prevent it from reacting with the alkyl halide. Furthennore, organolithium reagents are strong bases and react rapidly with even weak proton sources to fonn hydrocarbons. We shall discuss this property of organolithium reagents in Section 14.5. 

It follows that in spite of the apolar coat surrounding water-containing AOT-reversed micelles and their dispersion in an apolar medium, some microscopic processes are able to establish intermicellar attractive interactions. These intermicellar interactions between AOT-reversed micelles increase with increasing temperature or the chain length of the hydrocarbon solvent molecule, thus leading to the enhancement of the clustering process [244-246], whereas they are reduced in the presence of inorganic salts [131]. 

Purely aromatic ketones generally do not give satisfactory results pinacols and resinous products often predominate. The reduction of ketonic compounds of high molecular weight and very slight solubility is facilitated by the addition of a solvent, such as ethanol, acetic acid or dioxan, which is miscible with aqueous hydrochloric acid. With some carbonyl compounds, notably keto acids, poor yields are obtained even in the presence of ethanol, etc., and the difficulty has been ascribed to the formation of insoluble polymolecular reduction products, which coat the surface of the zinc. The adffition of a hydrocarbon solvent, such as toluene, is beneficial because it keeps most of the material out of contact with the zinc and the reduction occurs in the aqueous layer at such high dilution that polymolecular reactions are largdy inhibited (see Section IV,143). 

A multiphase system consisting of a hydrocarbon solvent, a strong alkaline solution, and a quaternary onium salt, in the presence of a Pd/C catalyst with hydrogen that was bubbled at atmospheric pressure through the organic phase, allows the rapid displacement of chlorine from polyhalogenated benzenes. The onium salt, insoluble in both phases, is localized in the interfaces, coats the Pd/C catalyst, and constitutes the phase in which the reaction takes... 

Polymers having average Molecular weight of 15000 are sticky viscous liquids but those with Molecular weight 1,00,000 to 2,00,000 are rubber like. It is soluble in hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents at room temperature. It is largely used as adhesive, for fibre and paper coating, etc. 

Glassware is treated before use with a solution of 0.5 mL Glassclad 6c in 10 mL of pentane. The Glassclad solution is swirled around in the flask to coat its interior wall and poured out. The flask is then flushed with nitrogen to remove the hydrocarbon solvent and then cured in an oven at 125°C for... 

In some instances, water may not be necessary at all for the solubilization of the enzyme in a hydrocarbon solvent. A striking example has been provided by Okahata and coworkers [78] who solubilized lipase in benzene or n-hexane by coating the enzyme with the nonionic surfactant (24) or 2Ci6Br. The lipid-coated lipase showed activity for the synthesis of di- and triglycerides from monoglycerides and aliphatic acids. 

Stabilization of BLMs at the surface of electrodes has been reported by a number of groups [28-30]. For example, the tip of a Teflon-coated platinum microelectrode was cut in situ with a scalpel while immersed in a lipid solution (lipid in a hydrocarbon solvent). Upon immersion of the wire into an aqueous solution of 0.1 M KCl, the phospholipid coating adhering to the metal surface spontaneously thinned to form a BLM directly adjacent to the electrode surface... 

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