Coastline mapping

Perhaps someday I ll visit Norfolk Island to see the dream fish in person. My travel agent tells me that the island is serviced by two airlines, Norfolk Jet and Air New Zealand, with a travel time of two hours from Sydney. The next time you have a map handy, take a peek. The island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia, and has a population of about 1,800. British attempts at establishing the island as a penal colony in the 19th century were ultimately abandoned. Most of the coastline consists of nearly inaccessible cliffs. 

The circulation of water in the Arctic Basin is a complex system of cycles and currents with different scales. Block HB simulates the dynamics of Arctic Basin water by the system of sub-blocks presented in Figure 6.2. The water dynamics in 2 is presented by flows between compartments Eijk. The directions of water exchanges are represented on every level zk = z0 + (k — 1 )A k according to Aota et al. (1992) in conformity with the current maps assigned as SSMAE input. The external boundary of 2 is determined by the coastline, the sea bottom, the Bering Strait, the southern boundary of the Norwegian Sea, and the water-atmosphere interface. 

The maps in Fig. 8.6(a) and Fig. 8.6(b) show average concentrations of Na and Cl in rain over the contiguous United States for 1994 (NADP/NTN, 1996). The high concentrations along coastlines reflect the contribution of wind-blown salt spray, particularly within 100 to 300 km of the ocean. 

Fig. 13.7 The length of the coastline, measured from a map, depending on the scale of the map (on logarithmic axes). The inset shows the real coastline and gives the idea how wiggly it is. In the main plot, horizontal axes presents the scale of the map, while vertical baxis corresponds to the measu re-ment of distance on the map in centimeters.

Naval task force that was organized to map the coastline of Antarctica and to train mihtary personnel in cold-weather operations. 

Early in the siting process the investigations should include the collection and analysis of all available historical data on the stabihty of the local shoreline. For sandy or silty beaches it is customary to evaluate the stabihty of the shoreline on the assumption of both the onshore-offshore movement and the littoral transport of beach materials. When the coast is formed by cliffs, changes may occur in the coastline over a long period and may be able to be deduced from historical maps. 

The Vinland Map surfaced in 1957. It appeared to be a map with many objects of art and archaeology, the question of showing the coastline of North America and was purport- authenticity was immediately raised, but any chemical ed to have predated Columbus s journey by 50 years. As analyses undertaken had to be nondestructive. Raman... 

Mesozoic and Cenozoic maps are simply figures showing reassemblies of the continents that have been turned into maps using palaeomagnetic data. These maps are still only rudimentary palaeogeographic maps they do not show former coastlines, former continental topography, or former bathymetry rather they show where the continents and oceans were in the past. 

Ideally, placing a palaeocoastline on a map is no more than drawing the boundary between the extent of marine sedimentation on one side of a line and continental sedimentation on the other, but adequate data are available mostly in western Europe and North America. In other areas, the low density of the available data means that palaeocoasUines at the global scale must be regarded as very speculative (Smith et al., 1994). Even where relatively detailed data are available, it is very difficult to infer the former coastlines of deformed microcontinents that may also have been partially subducted. 

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