Microstructure coarse-grained

Fig. 7.3. Coarse-grained microstructure in which the crack surfaces are in contact and dissipate energy by sliding on each other...

Fig. 7 The longitudinal microstructure( x 100) of coarse-grained TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)P extrusion pipe of artificial reference test pipe...

The figure below shows the isothermal transformation diagram for a coarse-grained, plain-carbon steel of eutectoid composition. Samples of the steel are austenitised at 850°C and then subjected to the quenching treatments shown on the diagram. Describe the microstructure produced by each heat treatment. 

Coarse-grained molecular d5mamics simulations in the presence of solvent provide insights into the effect of dispersion medium on microstructural properties of the catalyst layer. To explore the interaction of Nation and solvent in the catalyst ink mixture, simulations were performed in the presence of carbon/Pt particles, water, implicit polar solvent (with different dielectric constant e), and ionomer. Malek et al. developed the computational approach based on CGMD simulations in two steps. In the first step, groups of atoms of the distinct components were replaced by spherical beads with predefined subnanoscopic length scale. In the second step, parameters of renormalized interaction energies between the distinct beads were specified. 

These coarse-grained MD calculations helped consolidate the main features of microstructure formation in CLs of PEFCs. They showed that the final microstructure depends on carbon particle choices and ionomer-carbon... 

Fig. 3. Microstructures of cemented carbides, (a) 94%WC—6%Co alloy, coarse grain, (b) 85%WC—9%(Ta,TL>Nb)C—6%Co alloy, medium grain size. The gray angular particles are WC and the dark gray rounded particles are solid solution carbides. The white areas are cobalt binder.

The first series of experiments was devoted to determination of the effect scale on the slit temperature. In the second series of experiments we used the slits formed by massive plates of gold-silver alloy and pure palladium, varying considerably their microstructure. Namely, they were initially highly cold-hardened samples and later on the ones annealed at the recrystallisation temperature. In other words, we deal with either fine-grained or coarse-grained metal surfaces. 

It follows trivially that dS/dt = 0 for all time in the equilibrium state. Thus, there is no purely microscopic mechanism that will give rise to entropy production, dS/dt > 0. The reason for this is that the phase space density / q accounts for all of the microstructure of phase space. In reality, we can never know this full microstructure, as was recognized by Ehrenfest, who suggested that one should work with a coarse-grained density, /eq, obtained by averaging over suitably small cells in phase space. Then one can define an entropy in analogy with Eq. [50], but in terms of /eq. In this way, entropy production can be realized microscopically, as discussed in detail in Ref. 23. Thus, the fine-grained entropy as defined in Eq. [50] always has a zero time derivative. 

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