Coalescence point process

As a result of the small, but apparent single bond character of the triafulvene C3/C4 bond and the good stabilization of the transition state of the rotation established earlier, rotation around this bond should be lower in energy in comparison to simple ethylene derivatives183. In fact, 1H-NMR spectra of several types of asymmetrically substituted triafulvenes 219-224 proved to be temperature-dependent and showed reversible coalescence phenomena at definite temperatures diagnostic for internal rotation processes. These were characterized by the free enthalpy of activation AG at the coalescence point of appropriate substituent signals61. ... 

The electrolyte salt must be processed to recover the ionic plutonium orginally added to the cell. This can be done by aqueous chemistry, typically by dissolution in a dilute sodium hydroxide solution with recovery of the contained plutonium as Pu(OH)3, or by pyrochemical techniques. The usual pyrochemical method is to contact the molten electrolyte salt with molten calcium, thereby reducing any PUCI3 to plutonium metal which is immiscible in the salt phase. The extraction crucible is maintained above the melting point of the contained salts to permit any fine droplets of plutonium in the salt to coalesce with the pool of metal formed beneath the salt phase. If the original ER electrolyte salt was eutectic NaCl-KCl a third "black salt" phase will be formed between the stripped electrolyte salt and the solidified metal button. This dark-blue phase can contain 10 wt. % of the plutonium originally present in the electrolyte salt plutonium in this phase can be recovered by an additional calcium extraction stepO ). 

However, the column can also be operated in reverse by filling it with toluene and adjusting the principal interface at the bottom of the column. Then water is the dispersed phase and would break into drops at the feed point at the top of the column. These drops descend in the toluene phase and, at the bottom of the column, coalesce to a water homophase that is below the toluene phase. When needed, the principal interface can be adjusted somewhere between top and bottom of the column, whereby the heavier liquid is dispersed above and the lighter liquid below the principal interface. How is it decided which of the two liquids should be dispersed Understanding the flow and mass transfer processes in the extractor, which are analysed in this chapter, provides the answer. At this point, only the important factors are listed thus, the dispersed phase should be ... 

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