Co-dominant

A co-dominant is a heritable trait in which both alleles of a polymoiphism are expressed and are reflected in the phenotype. The phenotype of heterozygous carriers is in between the phenotypes of the two homozygous genotypes. 

One can clearly see, that for small q, a strong peak in S(q, co) dominates, where sr and Si are close to zero, thus indicating the independent collective correlation of the electrons. For increasing q, Sj gets broader and S(q, co) reveals the spectrum of possible electron-hole excitations. 

MacIntyre and Dean (119) report that acid phosphatase from D. melanogaster has slow and fast electrophoretic variants specified by co-dominant alleles. Thus, acid phosphatases AA, BB, and AB were studied. Types AA and BB could be inactivated by exposure to acid. Reactivation of enzymic activity could be accomplished by dialysis against buffers at pH 6.5. Mixtures of AA and BB produced some AB reconstituted enzyme. From this evidence it seems very probable that acid phosphatase, at least in this species, consists of at least two polypeptide chains. 

This polymorphism, which was not related to the geographical origin of the infected fish hosts, is typical of a genetic polymorphism under the control of two co-dominant alleles. This type of balanced polymorphism indicates that cross-fertilisation must also occur, at least transiently, in L. intestinalis. The use of enzymes as markers in genetic studies in cestodes is clearly an important method for the detection of cross-fertilisation in this group. 

By inserting eqs. 5.1 and 5.3 into eq. 5.2 it can be seen, that Z is almost constant for small frequencies. At higher frequencies the terms of higher order in co dominate. Z decreases with increasing CO. 

Figure 3 Population genetic methods used in genetic ecotoxicology to examine toxicant effects in populations of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Methods are categorized as either co-dominant (allozymes, minisatellites, RFLP, microsatellites) or dominant (AFLP, FiAPD) markers. As shown here, techniques used to generate these markers are based on similar procedures such as PCR and electrophoresis, and similar methods of analysis, bp, base pairs.

Microsatellites are hypervariable co-dominant loci composed of arrays of 2-9 bp repeating motifs. Differences in the number of repeat motifs in an array define microsatellite polymorphisms. Method development requires the identification of microsatellite loci, and for each locus, the design of PCR primers to anneal to conserved regions flanking the microsatellite. Analysis involves PCR amplification with fluorescently labeled primers followed by electrophoresis to distinguish microsatellite alleles of different array size. 

Mineral composition, as determined by X-ray diffraction, shows a dominance of clay minerals, although quartz and opaline silica are persistent as sub-dominant and locally dominant or co-dominant (Table II). Of the clays, expandable lattice clay minerals, predominantly montmorillonite, occur in all the deposits with kaolinite or illite appearing as accessory or subdominant components. A marked contrast in the dominant clay species occurs between the brown oil shale unit and the two units below it at Condor. In these lower units, kaolinite is in greater abundance than other clays as well as quartz, an aspect already alluded to in the variations in Table I. (Loughnan (8) also noted that the structure of the kaolinite changes from ordered in the lower units to disordered in the brown oil shale unit). 

The adsorption term for CO dominates the denominator and the overall rate reduces to ... 

We see again, as we did in Figure 12.9, that the surface is well covered and that adsorbed CO dominates in both catalysts under initial reaction conditions. One can manipulate either term by changing one or both the reactor pressure and/or adsorption equilibrium constants of the catalyst. Note that the disparity between these two numbers on each catalyst is the reason for the low initial rates that would be observed for this feed ratio before a maximum rate is achieved at partial conversion. 

Fig. 35 shows examples of Raman spectra for saturated CO adlayers on various transition-metal surfaces of interest, and it is obvious that vco and vm-co are very sensitive to the identity of the transition metal [83]. The frequencies and relative intensities of the vco (2040-2080 cm ) attributed to atop CO and bridging CO (1870-1960 cm ) vary substantially with the metal in a similar fashion. For example, on the Ir surface, the adsorbed CO is dominated by the linearly adsorbed CO, and on the Pd surface, the bridging CO dominates. While for Pt and Rh surfaces, both bridged and linearly bound CO exist. The vibrational frequencies for different metals with adsorbed CO in the same adsorption geometry are also different. For example, for the atop-adsorbed CO, vco follows the order Pt > Ir > Pd > Rh, while v -co follows the order Ir > Pt > Rh > Pd. On the basis of the band positions, and relative intensities of the bridging and linearly bound CO, it is possible to identify different metals by the adsorbed CO via Raman spectroscopy. 

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