Clustering behavior

The Ag(lll)/NO system turns out to be rather complex for adsorption at 20K despite the fact that at 300K virtually no adsorption occurs, and one might therefore expect that at low temperature only physlsorptlon and condensation would occur. In fact, condensed NO exists as (NO)2 dimers (28), and a complex set of reactions leading to O, NO, N2O and NO2 species takes place when the temperature is raised as determined by combined XPS and TPD measurements (29). Following the SIMS cluster behavior during the reactions shows that several of the reaction species can be identified from the SIMS molecular clusters. 

Magnetic field effects on the reaction kinetics or yields of photochemical reactions in the condensed phase have been studied [20-23]. They have proved powerful for verifying the mechanism of photochemical reactions including triplet states. Previously, we obtained photogenerated triplet biradicals of donor-acceptor linked compounds, and found that the lifetimes of the biradicals were remarkably extended in the presence of magnetic fields up to 1T [24]. It has been reported that Cgo and its derivatives form optically transparent microscopic clusters in mixed solvents [25,26]. The clustering behavior of fullerene (C o) is mainly associated with the strong three-dimensional hydrophobic interactions between the C o units. Photoinduced... 

Ishii, H., and Murakami, I. Evaluation of the Scaling Law of Circulating Fluidized Beds in Regard to Cluster Behaviors, Circulating Fluidized Bed Technol. Ill, (P. Basu, M. Horio, and M. Hasatani, eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford (1991)... 

Figure 6.6 Arrhenius plots in crystals (a) almost pure crystals with low impurity concentrations (b) crystals with low-temperature defect clusters and (c) the ionic conductivity of Ce02 doped with 10 mol % Nd203, showing defect cluster behavior. [Part (c) adapted from data in I. E. L. Stephens and J. A. Kilner, Solid State Ionics, Y77, 669-676 (2006).]...

At the beginning of this decade, Zewail and coworkers reported a fundamental work of solvation effect on a proton transfer reaction [195]. a-naphthol and n-ammonia molecules were studied in real-time for the reaction dynamics on the number of solvent molecules involved in the proton transfer reaction from alcohol towards the ammonia base. Nanosecond dynamics was observed for n=l and 2, while no evidence for proton transfer was found. For n=3 and 4, proton transfer reaction was measured at pisosecond time scale. The nanosecond dynamics appears to be related to the global cluster behavior. The idea of a critical solvation number required to onset proton transfer... 

The production and growth of particles in the presence of condensable vapors is a major dynamic process. A considerable body of literature has accumulated on the subject, beginning with the thermodynamics of phase transition and continuing with the kinetic theory of molecular cluster behavior. 

The model put forward above for proton transfer by a tunneling mechanism based on naphthol/NH3 cluster data is both simple and sufficient to explain (nearly quantitatively) the observed cluster behavior. This same model can be used to explain cluster matrix isolation behavior as well (Brucker and Kelley 1987a,b, 1988, 1989a,b,c Brucker et al. 1991 Swinney and Kelley 1991). 

During the last 6 years, we have studied solvent stabilization of the excited state electron transfer reaction for dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) (Grassian et al. 1989, 1990 Shang and Bernstein 1992 Warren et al. 1988). Investigation of the cluster behavior of this reaction has led to an important finding that pertains to both condensed phase behavior and the mechanism for the electron transfer,... 

We have derived a master equation and two Fokker-Planck equations for channel cluster behavior in IP3 mediated Ca dynamics. Among the different approaches to approximate a master equation by a Fokker-Planck equation we have chosen van Kampen s II expansion and an ansatz based... 

Master equations have been used to describe relaxation and kinetics of clusters. The first approaches were extremely approximate, and served primarily as proof-of-principle. ° Master equations had been used to describe relaxation in models of proteins somewhat earlier and continue to be used in that context. " More elaborate master-equation descriptions of cluster behavior have now appeared. These have focused on how accurate the rate coefficients must be in order that the master equation s solutions reproduce the results of molecular dynamics simulations and then on what constitutes a robust statistical sample of a large master equation system, again based on both agreement with molecular dynamics simulations and on the results of a full master equation.These are only indications now of how master equations may be used in the future as a way to describe and even control the behavior of clusters and nanoscale systems of great complexity. ... 

This statistical law makes it possible to correlate single cluster behavior to that of a collection of many clusters and, alternatively, to derive nucleation and growth laws from observations involving many overlapping clusters. The validity of Eq. (32) requires a random distribution of a large number of clusters, in which, each must be small with respect to the total available electrode area. 

Ishii H, Murakami I. Evaluation of the scaling law of circulating fluidized beds in regard to cluster behaviors. In Basu P, Horio M, Hasatani M, eds. Circulating Fluidized Bed Technology III. Oxford Pergamon Press, 1991. 

Li J, Zhang X, Zhu J, Li J. Effects of cluster behavior on gas solid mass transfer in circulating fluidized beds. In Fan LS, Knowlton TM, eds. Fluidization IV. New York Engineering Foundation, 1998, pp 405-412. 

Transmission electron microscopy was conducted on the nanoparticles to investigate the size, shape and clustering behavior. Prior to the measurements 20 mg of the nanoparticles were diluted with 1 mL of water and sonicated for 30 min. 

L. Kokou, J. Du, Rare earth ion clustering behavior in europium doped silicate glasses simulation size and glass structure effect. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 358, 3408-3417 (2012)... 

It is significant to point out that the present method is based on the relationship between interionic associations and their consequential effects on slag viscosities, which was shown by Seetharaman et al [7], In principle, any property that reflects the interionic interactions and the structural evolution, cluster behavior at different temperature intervals should show the same characteristic. If agglomeration or atomic rearrangement is manifested in the viscosities of slags, other physical properties like electrical conductivity should reflect this phenomenon as well. 

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