Cloth bags

In the second quarter of the twentieth century, with the development of poly(vinyl chloride), nylon, polyurethane, and other polymers, many new and improved leather-like materials, so-called coated fabrics (qv), were placed on the market. Shortages of leather after World War 11 led to the expansion of these leather-like materials ("man-made" leathers) to replace leather in shoes, clothing, bags, upholstery, and other items. DurabiUty and waterproof quahties superior to leather made coated fabrics advantageous, in spite of imperfection in breathabihty and flexibiUty. Demands for shoes, clothing, and other items are stiU increasing due to growing world population and urbanization. 

Disk Filters A disk filter is a vacuum filter consisting of a number of vertical disks attached at intervals on a continuously rotating horizontal hollow central shaft (Fig. 18-127). Rotation is by a gear drive. Each disk consists of 10 to 30 sectors of metal, plastic, or wood, ribbed on both sides to support a filter cloth and provide drainage via an outlet nipple into the central shaft. Each sector may be replaced individually. The filter medium is usually a cloth bag slipped over the sectors and sealed to the discharge nipple. For some heavy-duty applications on ores, stainless-steel screens may be used. 

Aeration of ferric sulfate should be held to a minimum because of the hygroscopic nature of the material, particularly in damp atmospheres. Mixing of ferric sulfate and quicklime in conveying and dust vent systems should be avoided as caking and excessive heating can result. The presence of ferric sulfate and lime in combination has been known to destroy cloth bags in pneumatic unloading devices. Because ferric sulfate in the presence of moisture will stain, precautions similar to those discussed for ferric chloride should be observed. 

Hybinette A process for extracting nickel from sulfide ores. The nickel ore that occurs in Canada is a mixture of the sulfides of nickel, copper, and iron. Several methods have been used to separate these metals. In the Hybinette process, the ore is first smelted in a blast furnace, yielding a nickel-copper matte (i.e., a mixture of their lower sulfides). This is roasted to remove sulfur and leached with dilute sulfuric acid to remove copper. The resulting crude nickel oxide is used as the anode of an electrochemical cell. The nickel deposits on the cathode, which is contained in a cloth bag. Precious metals collect in the anode slime. The process was invented by N. V Hybinette in 1904 and operated at the Kristiansand refinery, Norway, from 1910. 

Thum A variation of the Balbech process for separating silver from gold in which the electrodes are held vertically. The anodes are contained in cloth bags to retain the shmes silver deposits at the cathodes and is periodically scraped off. 

To the definition given under item (a), may be added that propellant igniters consist of a charge of quick-burning BkPdr (See BLACK POWDER in Ref 44, p B171), which can be either in the form of a compressed disc attached to a "simple"primer or in the form of small grains contained in a perforated tube. In a 3rd method, loose BkPdr is contained in a Small cloth bag which is placed, during... 

The washed MF was then drained and packed into cloth bags which were stored in tanks of water until required for use... 

Remove contaminated clothes, bag them, and then wash up with soap and water before putting on clean clothes to go home. 

Dry ice. If a commercial cylinder of liquid carbon dioxide is inverted and some of the liquid is allowed to run out into a cloth bag or a special perforated metal container, only a part of the liquid evaporates. That which evaporates takes heat from the remainder and causes it to solidify... 

The herbs and spices may be placed in cloth bags and suspended in the wine. After the first extraction, fresh base wine may be added for a second, and even a third extraction. Partial extractions are preferred, as complete extraction may result in the incorporation of undesirable flavors or aromas. This also avoids pressing the spent materials that is associated with the release of objectionable bitter flavors. 

Filter units are broadly classified into two types (1) fabric or cloth bag systems and (2) deep columns packed with rock or other contactors such as fiber plates or glass beads or rings. Commerical fiber materials are selected for... 

Many labs have freezers or ice machines to make ice. If the ice is in cubes or blocks, it will be necessary to smash it into more usable, smaller, crushed pieces. The ice should be placed in some kind of cloth bag (or the like) during smashing, to prevent the ice pieces from flying around the room. Be sure to wear safety glasses any time you are smashing anything—and watch the fingers ... 

Dry ice, like water ice, can be smashed into smaller, more practical pieces. Like regular ice, it should be placed in a cloth bag for smashing to prevent ice chips from flying around the room. 

When this kind of diaphragm is used the composition of both anolyte and catholyte is the same. Similar conditions hold good for tho electrolytical refining of certain metals when the slime formed on the anode which contains precious metals is caught in a cloth bag covering the anode (e. g. when refining silver). 

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