Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin

Actin-ADP-ribosylating Toxins Cytotoxic Mechanisms of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin and Clostridium perfringens lota Toxin 

Aktories (Ed.), Bacterial Toxins. Chapman Hall, Weinheim, 1997. ISBN 3-8261 -0080-8 93 

C2I catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of actin, resulting in dramatic redistribution of F-actin. Recently, the gene of C2I has been reported encoding a protein of 431 amino acids (M, 49400) with significant similarity to the enzyme component of iota toxin (see below) (Fuji et a/., 1996). 

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Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin The prototype of a binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxin 155... 

Barth, H., Roebling, R., Fritz, M. and Aktories, K., The binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin as a protein delivery systems. Identification of the minimal protein region necessary for interaction of toxin, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 5074—5081, 2002. 

Blocker, D., Bachmeyer, C., Benz, R., Aktories, K. and Barth, H., Channel formation by the binding component of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin glutamate 307 of C2II affects channel properties in vitro and pH-dependent C2I translocation in vivo, Biochem., 42, 5368-5377, 2003. 

Stiles, B.G., Blocker, D., Hale, M.L., Guettholf, M.A. and Barth, H., Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin binding studies with fluorescence-activated cytometry, Toxicon, 40, 1135-1140, 2002. 

Harris JB, Grubb BD, Maltin CA, Dixon R (2000) The neurotoxicity of the venom phospholipases A(2), notexin and taipoxin. Exp Neurol 161 517-26 Haug G, Wilde C, Leemhuis J, Meyer DK, Aktories K et al. (2003) Cellular uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin membrane translocation of a fusion toxin requires unfolding of its dihydrofolate reductase domain. Biochemistry 42 15284-91 Hauschild A (1993) Epidemiology of human foodborne botulism. In Hauschild A, Dodds KL (eds) Clostridium botulinum ecology and control in foods. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, pp 69-104... 

Wiegers W, Just I, Muller H ef al. (1991) Alteration of the cytoskeleton of mammalian cells cultured in vitro by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase. In Fur. J. Cell Biol. 54 237-45... 

Grolig F, Just I, Aktories K (1996) ADP-ribosylation of actin from the green alga Chara corollino by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin. In Protoplasma in press... 

Just I, Geipel U, Wegner A et al. (1990) De-ADP-ribosylation of actin by Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin. In Eur. J. Biochem. 192 ... 

Just I, Wille M, Chaponnier C et al. (1993b) Gelsolin-actin complex is target for ADP-ribosylation by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin in intact human neutrophils. In Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharmacol. 246 293-7 Kiefer A, Lerner M, Sehr P et al. (1996) Depolymerization of F-actin by microinjection of ADP-ribosylated skeletal muscle G-actin in PtK2 cells in the absence of the ADP-ribosylating toxin. In A/ted. Microbiol. Immunol. 184 175-80 Mauss S, Chaponnier C, Just I et al. (1990) ADP-ribosylation of actin isoforms by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin. In Eur. J. Biochem. 194 237-41... 

Ohishi I, DasGupta BR (1987) Moleculare structure and biological activities of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin. In Avian Botulism, (Ekiund MW, Dowell VR., eds) 223-47 Springfield Thomas. 

Weigt C, Just I, Wegner A et al. (1989) Nonmuscle actin ADP-ribosylated by botuli-num C2 toxin cops actin filaments. In FEBS Lett. 246 181 -4 Wiegers W, Just I, Moller H et al. (1991) Alteration of the cytoskeleton of mammalian cells cultured in vitro by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase. In Eur. J. Cell Biol. 54 237-45 Wille M, Just I, Wegner A et al. (1992) ADP-ribosylation of the gelsolin-actin complex by clostridial toxins. In J. Biol. Chem. 267 50-5... 

The Role of the Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin os o Research Tool to Study Eucoryotic Cell Biology... 

Table 1. Representative Studies Reflecting the Use of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin os a Research Tool...

Fritz G, Schroeder P, Aktories K (1995) Isolation and characterization of a Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin-resistant cell line Evidence for possible involvement of the cellular C2II receptor in growth regulation. In Infect Immun. 63 2334-40... 

Li G, Rungger-Brandle E, Just I, etal. (1994) Effect of disruption of actin filaments by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin on insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells and pancreatic islets. In Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5 1199—213... 

It is therefore necessary to distinguish between cellular effects caused merely by depolymerization of the actin filaments and effects caused by inactivation of the Rho GTPases which are independent of the actin system. To this end, it is very helpful to compare effects of toxin B with those of Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin. C2 toxin directly acts... 

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