Closed loop recycling automotive

Similar plants have been designed to clean and separate PCW that enters the closed-loop recycling system, hence materials from specific domains of application, e.g., automotive or agricultural. In the latter case, scrap plastics film, composed mostly of PE and PVC, is also shredded, washed, and segregated by the floatation method [Anonym., 1991]. 

To close the recycling loop, the majority of the production from secondary lead producers returns to the battery manufacturer as alloys and soft lead. At present, secondary producers experience no problems in achieving the purity requirements for most automotive battery alloys, particularly those that are antimony-based. The increased purity requirement in VRLA batteries will, however, make the refining stages more critical. 

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