Climatic seasonal variability

The first detailed study of the mechanisms of the BSGC formation was performed by E. Stanev [48]. The full nonlinear model suggested by K. Bryan with 12 levels over the vertical were used in two options of the horizontal discretization, one with steps 0.5° over the latitude and 1° over the longitude and the other with steps three times smaller. The coarse discretization was applied to initialization the BSGC from the initial condition of zero motions and horizontally homogeneous temperature and salinity, while the finer resolution was used to reproduce its climatic seasonal variability. 

The climatic seasonal variability of the parameters of the MFZ in sections 1-3 shown in Fig. 1 is presented in Table 3. At the end of the winter and the beginning of the spring (from February to May), the MFZ is most intensive. The maximal transverse salinity gradients are located closer to... 

At sea level, Pj is approximately 1 atm, but exhibits some temporal and spatial variability. For example, the annual mean pressure in the northern hemisphere is 0.969 atm and in the southern hemisphere is 0.974 atm, with monthly averages varying by as much as 0.0001 atm, i.e., about 1 mbar (1 atm = 1013.25 mbar). These fluctuations are caused by spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric temperature and water vapor content associated with weather, and seasonal and longer-term climate shifts. Pj is also affected by diurnal atmospheric tides, and it decreases with increasing altitude above sea level. Some gases, such CO2 and O2, exhibit seasonal variability that is caused in part by seasonal variability in plant and animal activity (see Figures 25.4 and 6.7). 

In [41], calculations of the BSGC were performed with the model [34] using monthly climatic density fields with a discreteness about 22 km [11] obtained from the data from about 65 000 stations. For the first time, a clear seasonal variability in the intensity and structure of the BSGC was obtained with a physically reasonable succession of the current fields from one month to another. In February-May, the range of the SLE reached 0.24-0.26 m, while in June and October it decreased down to 0.20 and 0.12 m, respectively. Figures 7-9 represent the fields of current vectors in addition to those published in [41]. The level 0 m characterizes the BSGC in the upper 100-m layer, while the level 300 m best represents the currents at the lower boundary of the layer the maximal velocity decrease with depth below it, their vertical changes are multifold lower (see Fig. 3a). In order to illustrate this, the current field at a depth of 1000 m in May is additionally shown in Fig. 8. 

Filippov [4] devoted to the geographical and physical descriptions of the ther-mohaline regime of the Black Sea waters. The monograph by Blatov et al. [5] plays a special role in the development of the concepts about the variability of the thermohaline structure of the Black Sea waters and its reasons. For the first time, it presented a systematic quantitative description of the processes of the climatic, seasonal, interannual, synoptic, and short-period variabilities of the temperature and salinity of the Black Sea waters in all the principal layers and regions of the sea. Most of them found their physically justified interpretations. Subsequent refinements of the parameters of the thermohaline regime of the Black Sea waters were generalized in [6-8]. 

In subsections 3.1-3.4, we assess the seasonal variability of the horizontal climatic T,S structure of the Black Sea waters in more detail. 

As high as a depth of 300 m, the horizontal inhomogeneity and seasonal variability of the climatic fields of the salinity and, especially, of the temperature are very weak (Figs. 1 la-1 Id). Meanwhile, here, one can still trace an increase in the temperature and salinity values from the coasts toward the central part... 

Animal products contain important nutrients in bioavailable form, essential for growth and proper physical and mental development. Milk and milk products are the major source of essential nutrients in diet. Thus, knowledge of the mineral concentrations in milk samples and milk products is of particular interest. This becomes especially important in view of the wide variability in mineral content of milk due to numerous factors affecting milk composition, such as lactation (the composition of milk varies considerably during lactation, with the major changes usually occurring soon after the start of the lactation period), the breed of animal, climate, season, dietary composition of animal feed and soil contamination. Also, the mineral content may vaiy because of its handling by humans. ... 

The location of the Aral Sea being not large in size in the zone of nontropic deserts explained the sharp continentality of the climate and high seasonal variability of the hydrometeorological conditions here. 

The aspect, texture and the chemical composition of propolis is highly variable and depends on the climate, season, bee species and mainly the local flora which is visited by bees to collect resin (Markham et al, 1996). For this reason, comparing propolis samples from distinct regions might be the same as to compare extracts of two plants that belong to different taxonomical families (Bankova, 2005). 

Most populations are strictly dependent upon caves, a few others may occur in cave-like habitats such as rock crevices and ravines in mesic or moist woods. In Italy, Dolichopoda populations often occur also in man made hypogean habitats, such as cellars, catacombs, Etruscan tombs and aqueducts. These environments differ from each other in several features. Natural caves are habitats established since a rather long time, relatively stable and predictable in climate, community patterns and trophic resources. On the contrary, artificial caves are younger habitats, often seasonally variable in climate, poor in trophic resources, and characterized by simpler and relatively unpredictable community patterns. Differences in population size, phenology, age structure and other life history traits appear to characterize populations living in either type of habitat (Carchini et al., 1983, 1990 ... 

Rowell DP (2005) A scenario of European climate change for the late twenty-first century seasonal means and interannual variability. Clim Dyn 25 837-849. doi 10.1007/s00382-005-... 

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