Cleveland study

First, the possibility will be considered that some unmeasured or undermeasured confounding conditions may be particularly crucial to gestational lead exposure and to neonatal outcome measures. The second possibility to be considered is whether discrepancies between studies with respect to correction of blood lead level (PbB) for haematocrit percent (Hct%) may be related to discrepant results. Data from our Cleveland study will be used to illustrate some of these issues. While this commentary is limited to neonatal outcome measures, the issues raised are also relevant to prospective analyses relating foetal lead exposure to later development. 

The Cleveland study was limited by exclusion of infants with gestational age <37 weeks thus the relationship of lead level to preterm delivery cannot be tested. The correlation of gestational age and maternal PbB was —0.11 (non-significant) and, as noted above, for cord PbB was —0.17 (p < 0.05). Covariate control of substance measures (average ounces of alcohol per day and cigarettes per day) attenuated the relationships. As shown in Table 2, the variance accounted for by cord PbB was reduced from 2.8% to 1.8%. This was not statistically significant. 

Minor anomalies were related to lead level in the Boston study (Needleman et al, 1984) but not in the Port Pirie (McMichael et al, 1986) or the Cleveland (Ernhart et al, 1986) studies. While there were a number of methodological differences between the Boston and the Cleveland studies, one discrepancy in findings that may be meaningful is that the Boston group failed to find an association between their alcohol-use measure and neonatal anomalies. This is notable, since it has been estimated that 5% of anatomic congenital defects may be attributable to prenatal alcohol exposure (Sokol, 1981). 

In the Cleveland study, we followed a very detailed gestational period protocol (Sokol, Martier and Ernhart, 1985) for assessing foetal alcohol exposure and for obtaining a history of maternal alcohol abuse. Furthermore,... 

My research during the Cleveland years continued and extended the study of carbocations in varied superacidic systems as well as exploration of the broader chemistry of superacids, involving varied ionic systems and reagents. I had made the discovery of how to prepare and study long-lived cations of hydrocarbons while working for Dow in 1959-1960. After my return to academic life in Cleveland, a main... 

During my Cleveland years, I also continued and extended my studies in nitration, which I started in the early 1950s in Hungary. Conventional nitration of aromatic compounds uses mixed acid (mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid). The water formed in the reaetion dilutes the acid, and spent aeid disposal is beeoming a serious environ-... 

G. P. Krat2schmer, Plastic Trends, T44 PlasticFoams, Predicasts Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1977 W. P. Weiser, T71 U.S. Plastic Foam Markets, Part I-Industry Study, Predicasts Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, Aug., 1983. 

Evaluation of Phase 2 Conceptual Designs and Implementation Assessment Resultingfrom the Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), NASA TM X-73515, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, Apt. 1977. 

Friend, W.H., Murphy, C.L., and Shanfield, I., Review of Meteoroid-Bumper Interaction Studies at McGill University, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract Report No. NASA CR-54857, Cleveland, OH, 187 pp., August 1966. 

Magonov, S.N., Elings, V., Cleveland, J., Denley, D., and Whangbo, M.-H., Tapping-mode atomic force microscopy study of the near-surface composition of a styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer film, Surf. Sci., 389, 201, 1997. 

Yoo J.U., Part I Studies Directed Towards the Synthesis of Amipurimycin. Part II The Development of Novel Peptide Based Nucleic Acid Surrogates. PhD thesis. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, January 1994. 

Center for Alluvial Plains Studies, Delta State University, Cleveland, MS 38733 Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, Midsouth Area, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Mississippi State, MS 39762-5367... 

Colver, C. P., and R. E. Balzhiser, 1964, A Study of Saturated Pool Boiling of Potassium up to Burnout Heat Flux, AIChE Paper presented at 87th Nat. Heat Transfer Conf., Cleveland, OH. (2)... 

Hsu, Y. Y., and R. W. Graham, 1961, An Analytical and Experimental Study of the Thermal Boundary Layer Ebullition Cycle in Nucleate Boiling, NASA TND-594, Lewis Res. Ctr., Cleveland, OH. (1)... 

In 1943, after being awarded the D.Sc. degree, Jeanloz was appointed as Research Associate, first with Meyer and then with Tadeusz Reichstein, Nobel Laureate for his work on steroid hormones. With Reichstein he studied the chemistry of deoxy sugars, some of which are constituents of these hormones, and developed3 a new method for the assay of these sugars. In 1946-1947 he spent 1 year in Canada as Research Associate at the University of Montreal, where he collaborated with D. A. Prins from the Research Division, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, in the preparation of... 

Cleveland, L., D.R. Buckler, F.L. Mayer, and D.R. Branson. 1982. Toxicity of three preparations of pentachlorophenol to fathead minnows — a comparative study. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1 205-212. 

DuPont, presented at the beginning of this chapter, and Dow are the largest chemical companies in the United States. Dow Chemical Company was started by Herbert Henry Dow (1866-1930) in Canton, Ohio. Dow was a student at Case Institute in Cleveland who studied the characteristics of salt brines acquired from wells around the Great Lakes. Dow was determined to discover methods to extract chemicals from the salt brine. Rather than use the standard distillation method of his day to obtain chemicals, Dow employed electrolysis to separate... 

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