Classification, biological Metals

Nieboer, E. Richardson, D. H. S. 1980. The replacement of the nondescript term heavy metal by a biologically and chemically significant classification of metal ions. Environmental Pollution (Ser. B), 1, 3-26. 

Nieboer, E., and Richardson, H. S. (1980) The Replacement of the Nondescriptive Term Heavy Metals by a Biologically and Chemically Significant Classification of Metal Ions, Environ. Pollution (B) 1, 3-26. 

The general characteristics of each group are summarised in Table 2.1 along with a classification of metal ions and ligands of importance in biological inorganic chemistry. In general, hard acids prefer hard ... 

Table I lists a few elements with a rough classification biologically as "Essential , "Neutral", or "Toxic", and a rough classification with respect to abundance in sea water. The criteria for abundance are arbitrary anything as conunon as iron is considered "Abimdant" and includes the common metals and nonmetals used...

This classification of metal ions is based on the biological and chemical availability to organisms as a function of their binding preferences. This classification take into account the atomic weight of the element, specific gravity, ionic radius, thermodynamic equilibrium constant and metal ion electronegativity. ... 

Classification of biologically important metal ions and ligands according to the hard-soft acid-base concept and their general characteristics... 

Table 6-4. Biological evaluation of phytotoxicity of metal contaminated substrates with Phaseolus vulgaris as the test plant. Classification of biological data into phytotoxicity classes, depending on the magnitude of the effect (% of control for morphological parameters and enzymes capacities) (after Van Assche and Clijsters, 1990 Vangronsveld and Clijsters, 1992).

Identification of the varying biological functions, classification of the bioluminescent relationships between different organisms, elucidation of the detailed reaction pathway, and the possibility of convenient study of the effect of enzyme or substrate modification have all been prime motivations for the study of bioluminescence (McCapra, 1976 Henry and Michelson, 1978 Hastings and Wilson, 1976 Cormier et al., 1975). Interest in chemiluminescence has been stimulated by its remarkable sensitivity and often selectivity as an analytical tool. As a result, chemiluminescence has found extensive application in the detection of trace metals in solution (Montano and... 

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