Classical cyclotron

Using the Web as an information source, compare the current Michigan State University superconducting cyclotrons (K500, K1200) and the Uppsala University GWI synchrocyclotron with a classical cyclotron. 

Equation O 50.20 is the so-called cyclotron equation, and the accelerator that is based on this principle is the classical cyclotron. The accelerating electrodes are named dees after their D-shape and usually an electrostatic deflector compensating for the bending force of the magnetic field is used to extract the beam. 

Types of Cyclic and Linear Accelerators 50.3.2.1 Classical Cyclotron... 

The classical theory for electronic conduction in solids was developed by Drude in 1900. This theory has since been reinterpreted to explain why all contributions to the conductivity are made by electrons which can be excited into unoccupied states (Pauli principle) and why electrons moving through a perfectly periodic lattice are not scattered (wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics). Because of the wavelike character of an electron in quantum mechanics, the electron is subject to diffraction by the periodic array, yielding diffraction maxima in certain crystalline directions and diffraction minima in other directions. Although the periodic lattice does not scattei the elections, it nevertheless modifies the mobility of the electrons. The cyclotron resonance technique is used in making detailed investigations in this field. 

Techniques based on cyclotron resonance are also interesting because they allow the observation of ions over long time spans. This allows the study of slow fragmentations that are not observable in classical mass spectrometry, and also equilibria between ionic species and ion-molecule reactions. 

Early evidence for H-bonding arose from comparisons of physical properties of hydrogen compounds, the classic cases being the abnormally high boiling points of NH3, H20, and HF compared to those of PH3, H2S, and HC1. Detailed X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction data are now available, and ion cyclotron resonance and other techniques allow estimates of bond energies. 

A. A. Koulakov and M. E. Raddi, Classical model for the negative dc conductivity of ac-driven two-dimensional electrons near the cyclotron resonance, Phys. Rev. B 68, 115324 (2003). 

In a perfectly isochronous magnetic field, the particles move fully in phase with the RF field. If a particle loses the right phase for any reason, there will be a phase slip in one direction or the other. In classical and isochronous cyclotrons, it is not possible to stabilize the phase of the gap crossing and the acceleration continues until the phase error becomes so great that deceleration occurs. 

For effective dissociation CID requires that the ions collide sufficiently fast with the collision gas. The increase in ion kinetic energy is classically effected by short (0.1-0.5 ms) excitation at the cyclotron frequency of the precursor ion... 

The classic sources of nonthermal radio emission within the solar system are Jupiter s magnetosphere and the solar corona. Nonthermal radio emissions have also been observed from the Earth s magnetosphere and the other three giant planets, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The emissions from the latter planets can only be observed from spacecraft near the planets. Cyclotron and coherent plasma emission account for much of the low-frequency (<10 MHz) nonthermal emission from these planets and the solar corona. This emission is highly variable and the details of the generation processes involved are not clearly understood. 

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