Circulation cold flow model

Avidan, A. A., Gould, R. M., and Kam, A. Y., Operation of a Circulating Fluid-Bed Cold Flow Model of the 100 B/D MTG Demonstration Plant, Proc. First Intern. Conf. Circulating Fluidized Bed, Halifax, Canada, pp. 287-296 (1985). 

Tjatjopoulos, G. J., Ketekides, P. T., latrides, K. K., and Vasolos, I. A., Cold Flow Model and Computer Simulation Studies of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane , Catalysis Today, 21, 387 (1994). 

The pumps deliver the most accurate flow of the carbon dioxide if it is pumped in the liquid state. Since that is the case, if there is a great distance between the tank and the pump then a chiller is usually placed so that the tubing containing the carbon dioxide from the tank can be cooled maintaining the carbon dioxide in the liquid state. Most commercially available pumps operate at high enough pressures that the pump heads or pump bodies do not need ancillary cooling, but older models frequently required a chiller that provided a circulation of cold... 

The principle of thermal recycling is also used in reactors with a boiling layer, in which the heat from the hot region of the reactor is transported to the cold region by circulating solid particles suspended in the gas flow.15 Methods of the theory of chemical reactor regulation have been successfully used in other sciences as well. We note the model of Belousov-Zhabotinskii, proposed for the description of heart disease, of spasmatic contractions of the cardiac muscle. 

In the cold model the solid circulation rate (SCR) could be determined by switching off the gas flow in the syphon of the downcomer thereby preventing particles from flowing over into the gasifier a fixed particle bed with a clearly defined sur oe then dually filled the downcomer. Measuring the time, t, required for the particle bed to rise with respert to the bed hei t, h, the solid mass flow, m, was determined as ... 

In every reactor there are flow patterns that are related to the reactor dimensions, such as axial mixing, radial mixing, macro mixing and internal circulation. In continuous flow reactors these cause a certain residence time distribution. The characteristic dimensions of concentration differences c sed by these phenomena are on the order of the reactor dimensions, from say 10 m to 10 m. In fact, these phenomena are the only ones that are strongly dependent on scale. Scale effects can be investigate in the absence of chemical reactions, in so called "cold models". 

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