Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease clinical presentation

Clinical Presentation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease... 

Ipratropium is a QTA produced by N-alkylation (iso-propyl) of hyoscyamine (Fig. 1). When inhaled as aerosolized agent it is a short-acting (3-6 h) antimusca-rinic especially on MR subtypes Ml-3 present in the lung. Therefore, it is clinically used as bronchodilator, antiasthmatic and drug for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [31, 33], Ipratropium is part of the WHO list of essential medicines [41],... 

Patients with lung cancer frequently have numerous concurrent medical problems. Such problems may be related to invasion of the primary tumor and its metastases, paraneoplastic syndromes (see clinical presentation, above), chemotherapy and radiotherapy toxicity, or concomitant disease states (e.g., cardiac disease, renal dysfunction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, or diabetes). Depression is also common and sometimes persistent in patients with SCLC and NSCLC and should be treated. Identification, diagnosis, and treatment of the patient as a whole may improve the patient s overall quality of life and tolerance to cancer treatments. 

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