Chromium dioxide, oxidation aldehydes

Schemes have been devised to substitute less toxic metals for more toxic ones. Potassium ferrate on K10 mont-morillonite clay has been used to replace potassium chromate and potassium permanganate in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones in 54-100% yields.153 The potassium ferrate is made by the action of sodium hypochlorite on iron(III) nitrate or by treatment of iron(III) sulfate with potassium peroxymonosulfate.154 After the oxidation, any excess oxidizing agent, and its reduced form, are easy to recover by filtration or centrifugation. In another case, manganese-containing reagents have been substituted for more toxic ones containing chromium and selenium (4.21).155 Selenium dioxide was used formerly in the first step and pyridinium chlorochromate in the second.

HIDROXILAMINA (Spanish) (7803-49-8) A powerful reducing agent. Aqueous solution is a base. Contact with water or steam causes decomposition to ammonium hydroxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Contaminants and/or elevated temperatures above (reported at 158°F/70°C and 265°F/129°C) can cause explosive decomposition. Moisture in air or carbon dioxide may cause decomposition. Violent reaction with oxidizers, strong acids, copper(II) sulfate, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate, phosphorus chlorides, metals calcium, sodium, zinc. Incompatible with carbonyls, pyridine. Forms heat-sensitive explosive mixtures with calcium, zinc powder, and possibly other finely divided metals. Aqueous solution incompatible with organic anhydrides, acrylates, alcohols, aldehydes, alkylene oxides, substituted allyls, carbonyls, cellulose nitrate, cresols, caprolactam solution, epichlorohydrin, ethylene dichloride, glycols, isocyanates, ketones, nitrates, phenols, pyridine, vinyl acetate. Attacks aluminum, copper, tin, and zinc. 

Oxidation of the trihydroxypropyl compound 7 or the aldehydes 38 and 40 with chromium trioxide in acetic acid or 50% sulfuric acid furnishes the 3-carboxylic acids, which readily decarboxylate to the 3-unsubstituted compounds at their melting points. " In contrast, the 3-methyl-l-phenyl compoimd is not appreciably attacked by chromiiun trioxide, potassium permanganate, or selenium dioxide. Chromyl chloride oxidation of 7 does not give the aldehyde 38 but apparently provides the tetraflavazolyl ether 41. The inertness of the 3-methyl group is emphasized by its stability toward bromine and its lack of reaction with benzaldehyde." ... 

Oxidation of a methyl side chain is not an attractive route to chromone-2-carboxylic acids because of the ease with which the pyrone ring is attacked by oxidising agents to form salicyclic acid or its derivatives [112]. When 2,3-dimethylchromone is oxidised [113] with selenium dioxide, the main product (57 per cent yield) is the 2-aldehyde (25) a small amount of the 2-carboxylic acid (26) is formed simultaneously. The aldehyde (25) may be oxidised to the carboxylic acid by chromium trioxide in cold acetic acid. 

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