Chromium contaminants

R. D. Harbison and W. E. Rinehart, eds.. Conclusions of the Expert Review Panel on Chromium Contaminated Soil in Hudson County, New Jersey, Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1990, p. 30. 

HSCI anodes cannot be used in potable waters because of the possibility of chromium contamination. 

Untreated industrial effluents India, chromium-contaminated site 5,000,000 11... 

It is emphasized that Cr+3, probably because of its very low solubility in seawater, appears to have a much lower bioavailability to most groups of marine animals than Ct 6, which is more water soluble (Carr et al. 1982). The clam Rangia cuneata appears to be an exception it accumulated up to 19 mg Cr/kg in soft parts, on a dry weight basis, during exposure for 16 days to chromium-contaminated muds, and retained most of it for an extended period the estimated biological half-time was 11 days (Carr et al. 1982). In general, benthic invertebrates rarely accumulate chromium from contaminated sediments (82 to 188 mg Cr+Vkg) only a few examples have been recorded (Neff etal. 1978). 

Probable exposure to chromium chromium-contaminated environments) >4.0 10... 

As reported here, adverse effects of chromium to sensitive species have been documented at 10.0 pg/L (ppb) of Cr+6 and 30.0 pg/L of Cr+3 in freshwater and 5.0 pg/L of Cr+6 in saltwater and, to wildlife, 10.0 mg of Cr+6 per kilogram of diet (ppm). Tissue levels in excess of 4.0 mg total Cr/kg dry weight should be viewed as presumptive evidence of chromium contamination, although the significance of tissue chromium residues is unclear. Some of these findings are in sharp contrast to chromium criteria proposed by regulatory agencies. 

Calder, L.M. 1988. Chromium contamination of groundwater. Pages 215-229 in J.O. Nriagu and E. Nieboer (eds.). Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments. John Wiley, NY. 

In the past, chromic add solutions have been used for cleaning. These solutions consist of concentrated sulfuric add in which solid potassium dichromate has been dissolved. Because of safety concerns and concerns with chromium contamination in the environment, chromic add has been essentially eliminated from use. 

Robles CJ, Armienta MA (2000) Natural chromium contamination of groundwater at Leon Valley, Mexico. J Geochem Explor 68(3) 167-181... 

T0858 Versar, Inc., Chemical Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium Contaminated Soils... 

Table 1 is a comparison of the costs associated with ISRM and pump-and-treat technology. These costs are based on a 1997 study by researchers at the U.S. DOE s Los Alamos National Laboratory. The researchers predicted a 62% cost savings over a 10-year period when using ISRM instead of pump-and-treat to treat chromium-contaminated groundwater (D17151H). 

According to the vendor, the costs of reagents, on-site technical support personnel, and onsite quality assurance personnel were 60 per ton of soil treated at a former electroplating facility in McPherson, Kansas. The reagents were applied to 1500 yd of chromium-contaminated soil (D113382, p. 15). 

Figure 5-1. Frequency of NPL Sites with Chromium Contamination... 

Feltzer SP, Dourson ML. 1997. Hexavalent chromium-contaminated soils options for risk assessment and risk management. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25 43-59. 

Palmer CD, Wittbrodt PR. 1991. Processes affecting the remediation of chromium-contaminated sites. Environ Health Perspect 92 25-40. 

Paustenbach DJ, Meyer DM, Sheehan PJ, et al. 1991. An assessment and quantitative uncertainty analysis of the health risks to workers exposed to chromium contaminated soils. Toxicol Ind Health 7(3) 159-196. 

Paustenbach DJ, Sheehan PJ, Pauli JM, et al. 1992. Review of the allergic contact dermititis hazard posed by chromium-contaminated soil Identifying a "safe" concentration. J Toxicol Environ Health 37 177-207. 

Sheehan PJ, Meyer DM, Sauer MM, et al. 1991. Assessment of the human health risks posed by exposure to chromium-contaminated soils. J Toxicol Environ Health 32 161-201. 

Taioli E, Zhitkovich A, Kinney P, et al. 1995. Increased DNA-protein crosslinks in lymphocytes of residents living in chromium-contaminated areas. Biol Trace Elem Res 50 175-180. 

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