Chloroform vapor-pressure lowering

Naphthalene, CioHg, is nsed to make mothballs. Suppose a solution is made by dissolving 0.515 g of naphthalene in 60.8 g of chloroform, CHCI3. Calcnlate the vapor-pressure lowering of chloroform at 20°C from the naphthalene. The vapor pressure of chloroform at 20°C is 156 mmHg. Naphthalene can be assumed to be nonvolatile compared with chloroform. What is the vapor pressure of the solution ... 

Fig. 22 Simulated images (upper panel) and SFM phase images (300 x 300 nm) (lower panel) presenting classical topological defect configurations in lying cylinders (a, e) cyl-dislocation (b, f) m-dislocation (c, g) +1/2 cyl-disclination and (d, h) +1/2 m-disclination. SB films were annealed under 70% of the saturated vapor pressure of chloroform. Reprinted from [36], with permission. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society...

Physical Properties Sulfur mustard (mustard gas) is a colorless oil with bp of 227°C, mp of 14°C, molecular dipole moment 1.78 D (hexane), and molecular mass of 159. It normally is encountered as an impure, pale yellow-brown, odoriferous liquid. The color generally deepens with increasing amounts of impurity. HD has a vapor density of 5.4 relative to air and a vapor pressure of 0.072 mm Hg at 20°C. As a liquid, it is slightly denser than water (1.27 g/mL at 20°C). It is miscible in typical organic solvents (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, acetone or chloroform) but has a lower solubility in water (0.092 g/100 g at 22°C) (Sidell et al., 1998 Somani, 1992). 

Physical Properties. Tabun is a colorless compound, which is said to have a somewhat fmity odor. The odor changes with decomposition so that with lesser amounts of decomposition the odor of cyanide (like bitter almonds) is apparent, whereas with greater amounts the odor of dimethyl-amine (like fish) is apparent. Tabun s vapor pressure is the lowest of all the G agents (approximately 0.04 mm Hg at 20°C). This suggests that tabun could be a relatively persistent threat at lower temperatures. Tabun has a vapor density of 5.6 relative to air and a liquid density of 1.08 g/mL (25°C). Its mp is —50°C, and its bp is approximately 240°C. It is three times as water soluble (approximately 10% at 20°C) as is VX, and also soluble in typical organic solvents (e.g., ethanol, diethyl ether, and chloroform). As with other nerve agents, dissolution in inert solvents (e.g., diethyl ether) enhances tabun s stability. 

The 90% soln is a colorless liq. Prone to explode on contact with metals, their oxides, reducing substances, or on distillation. Has lower vapor pressure than formic acid. Miscible with water, ale, ether. Sol in benzene, chloroform. Solns are unstable, gassing being noticeable after a few hours, and the effective concn showing a definite decline in 2 hrs. 

Properties Colorless odorless gas or liquefied gas chloroform-like odor burning taste readily sol. in lower alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon disulfide, mostorg. soivs. insol. in water m.w. 94.95 dens. 1.732 (0 C) vapor pressure 1824 mm Hg f.p. -94 c b.p. 3.6 C flash pt. none... 

Classification Nonaromatic ether Empincal C3H6O3 Formula OCH2OCH2OCH2 Properties Cryst. solid mild pleasant char, ethanol/chloroform-like odor very sol. in water, alcohol, ketones, ether, acetone, chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons, org. soivs. si. sol. in pentane, petrol, ether, lower paraffins m.w. 90.08 dens. 1.17 kg/l (65 C) vapor pressure 13 mm Hg ... 

We cannot construct a liquid-vapor equilibrium diagram for nonideal solutions in the simple manner illustrated in Figure 14-16. For example, vapor pressures in acetone-chloroform solutions are lower than we would predict for ideal solutions and boiling temperatures are correspondingly higher. In acetone-carbon disulfide solutions, conversely, vapor pressures are higher... 

Dolezalek and Schulze (19observed that when equal volumes of the vapors of ether and chloroform were mixed at 80°C, so that the total volume remained constant, the total pressure was lowered by 4.8 mm Hg, a result attributed to compound formation. 

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