Chloroform sugar composition

Modern LSD detectors yield good results even under gradient elution. No disturbance is observed when solvent composition changes. Organic solvents (acetone, propanol, chloroform) can be used in the mobile phase. In reversed-phase mode, water content up to 25% and small amounts of buffers are not a problem. Typical applications are lipids, phospholipids, sugars, and vitamins. 

Lipid extracts obtained from biological samples, as aforementioned, tend to contain significant amounts of nonlipid contaminants, such as sugars, amino acids, urea, and salts. These must be removed before the lipids are analyzed. A common and classical approach is to use a simple washing procedure devised by Folch, Lees and Sloane Stanley [17], in which a chloroform-methanol (2 1, v/v) extract is shaken and equilibrated with one-fourth its volume of saline solution (i.e., 0.88% potassium chloride in water). The mixture partitions into two layers, of which the lower phase is comprised of chloroform-methanol-water in a proportion of 86 14 1 (by volume) and contains virtually all of the lipids, while the upper phase consists of the same solvents in the proportion of 3 48 47 (by volume), respectively, and contains much of the nonlipid contaminants. It is important that the proportion of chloroform, methanol, and water in the combined phases should be as close as possible to 8 4 3 (by volume), otherwise selective losses of lipids may occur. If a second wash of the lower phase is needed to remove any remaining contaminants, a mixture of similar composition to that of the upper phase should be used, i.e., methanol-saline solution (1 1, v/v). 

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