Chemistry, open source methods

Titration curve for seawater. The shape of the curve is dependent upon experimental conditions. The top curve is produced when seawater is titrated in an open container so that CO2 generated after incremental acid addition can escape into the atmosphere. The bottom curve is generated when seawater is titrated in a closed container. In this case, the pH drops faster during the initial part of the titration because of the build-up of CO2 as acid is added. Once the carbonate/carbonic acid equivalence point is reached, both curves converge upon the same pH for the same volume of acid added, but extensive laboratory work has demonstrated that better accuracy is achieved with the closed container method. Source From Pilson, M. E. Q. (1998). An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea. Prentice-Hall, p. 119. 

Chemical engineers do much of the ongoing fuel-cell research. There are many careers open to chemical engineers. They can work to find alternative, renewable fuel sources, to design new recyclable materials, and to devise new recycling methods. These scientists combine knowledge of chemistry, physics, and mathematics to link laboratory chemistry with its industrial applications. As with any scientist they also must be good problem solvers. 

Early in the development of organic chemistry, organic compounds were arbitrarily classified as aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic compounds have open-chain structure. In addition to aliphatic compounds, there was a large number of compounds which were obtained from natural sources e.g., resins, balsams, aromatic oils etc., all of which had a pleasant odour. These compounds had higher percentage of carbon content than the corresponding aliphatic hydrocarbons and most of the simple compounds contained atleast six carbon atoms. These compounds were known as aromatic compounds. Further more, when these aromatic compounds were subjected to various methods of treatment, they often produced benzene or derivatives of benzene. 

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