Chemiluminescence basic principles

In this review, the basic principles and practical aspects of photol uminescence techniques and their application to adsorption, catalysis, and photocatalysis phenomena have been summarized. We did not discuss studies on adsorption luminescence and/or chemiluminescence in which photons emitted by adsorption or chemical reactions are used to monitor adsorption and/or catalytic reactions on surfaces (255, 256). 

The next two sections provide a discussion of the basic principles of luminescence spectroscopy, which include the electronic transitions and the important parameters determined from luminescence measurements. Then follow two sections that describe the general characteristics of luminescence measurements and one which provides two case studies for organic and inorganic luminophores. The remainder of the article covers more specific topics and phenomena in luminescence spectroscopy, namely quenching, energy transfer, exciplexes and chemiluminescence. The examples in this article were selected to cover multidisciplinary areas of science. 

This choice of compounds was purely fortuitious. In principle, chemiluminescence reactions can be induced with all peroxide-containing scintillator solutions and with all emulsion cocktails (e.g., Aquasol, Unisolve, Insta-Gel, and with a cocktail according to Patterson and Greene (1965)) in combination with basic soliibilizers (e.g., Hyamine 10-X, Digestin, NCS, Protosol, Soluene 100, KOH, NaOH, phenylethylamine). 

This article provides some general remarks on detection requirements for FIA and related techniques and outlines the basic features of the most commonly used detection principles, including optical methods (namely, ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, chemiluminescence (CL), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and atomic absorption/emission spectrometry) and electrochemical techniques such as potentiometry, amperometry, voltammetry, and stripping analysis methods. Very few flowing stream applications involve other detection techniques. In this respect, measurement of physical properties such as the refractive index, surface tension, and optical rotation, as well as the a-, //-, or y-emission of radionuclides, should be underlined. Piezoelectric quartz crystal detectors, thermal lens spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and conductometric detection have also been coupled to flow systems, with notable advantages in terms of automation, precision, and sampling rate in comparison with the manual counterparts. 

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