Chemicals gross energy requirements

All petrochemical-based substances have higher gross energy requirements (GER, indicates the total primary energy consumption of the manufacturing process of a chemical product from its raw material) than those... 

Figure 1. Gross energy requirements (GER) for important base chemicals. Data...

March and Parr12 also consider the chemical potential in the same limit. They argue that the meaning of = 0 in the Euler equation of the density description is that Np in this equation is a smaller-order term in the number of electrons than the other energy components. Thus gross features, of the kind exhibited in the energy relations (96)—(98), can be treated but the chemical potential and the nuclear-nuclear potential energy, require special care. 

Figure 1.11 Fossil energy requirement for petrochemical polymers and PLA. The cross-hatched area of the bars represent the fossil energy used as chemical feedstock (i.e., fossil resource to build the polymer chain). The solid part of the bars represented the gross fossil energy used for the fuels and operation supplies used to drive the production processes. PC = polycarbonate HIPS = high-impact polystyrene GPPS = general purpose polystyrene LDPE = low-density polyethylene PET SSP = polyethylene terephthalate, solid-state polymerization (bottle grade) PP = polypropylene PET AM = polyethylene terepthalate, amorphous (fiber and film grade) ...

The proposed power plant will produce a gross of 328,500 MW-hr annually or a net of 302,200 MW-hr (8 percent in-plant use) operating at a 75 percent capacity factor. It will consume approximately 470,000 green tons of wood chips which is 100 percent of the energy input. Based on the previously derived cost of fuel of 11.99/ton, the total annual fuel cost will be approximately 5,635,000. Plant operation was estimated to require a staff of 42 with an annual payroll of 714,000. Annual maintenance, chemical and supply costs, and operation and maintenance for the fuel off loading and handling system was estimated to be 727,000/yr. The estimated total operating and maintenance cost for the power plant is 7,076,000/yr. 

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