Chemical warfare animal defenses

In the summer of 1942, the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) changed completely the nature of our research. In July 1942, a group of imiversity scientists who were working on chemical warfare problems met in Evanston, Illinois this group later became Divisions 9 and 10 of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). By that time many potential chemical war gases had been identified, synthesized by chemists, tested on animals for toxicity, and tested with respect to how well gas masks stopped them. The group discussed what else should be done. 

Shallow-water inhabitants are subject to a variety of predators but protect themselves with an arsenal of defense mechanisms. Sea urchins are covered in sharp spines, and anemones are armed with stinging cells. Sponges wage chemical warfare on their foes by producing toxins, and mobile animals simply... 

Chemical weapons are those weapons capable of disseminating chemical warfare agents, defined by a United Nations report as chemical substances, whether gaseous, liquid, or solid, which might be employed because of their direct toxic effects on man, animals and plants . This definition, unlike that of the United States Department of Defense,... 

There is evidence that during the China Incident the enemy has skillfully and secretly carried out chemical and bacteriological warfare activities against personnel, animals, natural resources, water and food supplies. It may be presumed that the enemy will become increasingly active in such methods. Therefore, security and defense measures must be thorough during advances and halts.2(p221)... 

---