Chemical warfare agents attacks

Ponzoni A., Comini E., Sberveglieri G., Alessandri I., Bontempi E., and Depero L. E., Tin, niobium and vanadium mixed oxide thin films based gas sensors for chemical warfare agent attacks prevention, in IEEE Sensors Conference, pp. 1322-1325, 2007. 

Discovered in the late 1930s in Germany as improved poisonous insecticides, organophosphorus ChEIs were developed as chemical warfare agents (e.g. sarin, soman, and tabun) and were more recently employed in the 1995 terrorist attack in the Tokyo subway system [5]. 

Lightweight Chemical Detector (LCD-S) The LCD-S acts as a local warning alarm system for individuals and small groups of persons within the domestic or military market. It simultaneously detects, identifies, and differentiates between type of chemical warfare agent at below attack concentration, and warns users when to don personal protective equipment. 

Chemicals also have a critical place in ant warfare. Most ants possess a sting that delivers poisonous chemicals to their enemies. In the strenuous fighting of the slave raid, Lept slaves and free Lepts frequently stung one another severely. Some kinds of ants employ other chemical warfare agents as well, such as the Protos unusual weapon that created turmoil among the Lepts and caused them to attack one another rather than the invading Protos. 

This chapter described the major epidemiological studies of populations who have been exposed to chemical warfare agents. Many of the studies of military populations have suffered fi om inaccurate exposure assessment and lack of clinical data. The studies in the past decade of the survivors of the sarin terrorist attacks provide the most comprehensive data to date on the scope of health outcomes associated with these exposures. These reports point to the need for longterm follow-up studies of victims following such events. The data from the terrorist events and the Gulf War when many troops believed they were exposed to chemical agents point to the prevalence of PTSD associated with real or threatened exposure. 

Okumura, T., Nomura, T., Suzuki, T., Sugita, M., Takeuchi, Y., Naito, T., Okumora, S. et al. (2007). The dark morning the experiences and lessons learned from the Tokyo subway sarin attack. In Chemical Warfare Agents Toxicology and Treatment, 2nd edition (T.C. Marrs, R.L. Maynard, F.R. Sidell, eds), pp. 277-303. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. 

Pulley, S.A., Jones, M.R. (2008). Emergency medical response to a chemical terrorist attack. In Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 675-711. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

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