Chemical Structural Features of Commercialized Neonicotinoids

In general, all commercialized neonicotinoids can be divided into open-chain compounds (Chapter 29.2.1) and neonicotinoids having ring systems such as five-membered (Chapter 29.2.2) and six-membered compounds (Chapter 29.2.3) that differ in their molecular characteristics. The structural requirements for both neonicotinoids having open-chain stmctures and ring-system containing neonicotinoids consist of different segments Usted below (Fig. 29.2.1, Tables 29.2.1 and 29.2.2) [1, 2]. 

Pharmacophores [-N-C(E)=X-Y] Five- and six-membered compounds (R -R, R -Z-R ) Open-chain compounds (R R2) 

Structure of A-CHR- Chemical name of this moiety Abbreviation 

Besides its influence on biological activity, the pharmacophore is also responsible for some specific physicochemical properties such as photolytic stability, degradation behavior in soil, metabolism in plants and insects, and toxicity to different animals as well [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. 

The term neonicotinoids [9] was originally proposed for imidacloprid (1) (Chapter 29.2.2) and related insecticidal compounds with structural similarity 

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