Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shielding tensor

Facelli, J. C., Molecular Structure and Carbon-13 Chemical Shielding Tensors Obtained from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 19, 1. 

P. Mansfield, M. J. Orchard, D. C. Stalker and K. H. B. Richards, Symmetrized multipulse nuclear-magnetic-resonance experiments in solids measurement of the chemical-shift shielding tensor in some compounds. Phys. Rev., 1973, B7, 90-105. 

Bohmaim JA, Weinhold F, Farrar TC (1997) Natural chemical shielding analysis or nuclear magnetic resonance shielding tensors from gauge-including atomic orbital calculations. J Chem Phys 107 1173-1184... 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a technique of considerable versatility in polymer science. It is used universally as a probe of chemical configurations, it provides information on the dynamics and relaxation times of a polymer system and it offers a route to the determination of orientation parameters, the exact route depending on the particular nuclei employed. In principle quadrupolar, dipolar, shielding tensor and indirect spin coupling interactions can all be employed " however, in practice only the first two have any universal appeal. Dipolar coupling using proton NMR offers the simplest approach in terms of material preparation and will be considered first. 

Manninen, P., Lantto, R, Vaara, J., Ruud, K. (2003). Perturbational ab initio calculations of relativistic contributions to nuclear magnetic resonance shielding tensors. Journal of Chemical Physics, 119, 2623. 

Malkin, V. G., Malkina, O. L., Casida, M. E., 8c Salahub, D. R. (1994). Nuclear magnetic resonance shielding tensors calculated with a sum-over-states density functional perturbation theory. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 116, 5898. 

---