Chemical potential and affinity

Both chemical potential and affinity depend on the choice of a standard state. A convenient choice is Ai = 1. The action relative to the standard state (e) is given by ... 

Chemical Potential and Affinity the Driving Force of Chemical Reactions... 

The concepts of chemical potential and affinity not only describe chemical reactions but also the flow of matter from one region of spaee to another. With the concept of chemical potential, we are now in a position to obtain an expression for the entropy change due to diffusion, an example of an irreversible process we saw in the previous chapter (Fig. 3.8). The idea of chemical potential... 

In SI units, what are the units of entropy, chemical potential and affinity ... 

The concept of chemical potential is very general, applicable to almost any transformation of matter as long as there is a well-defined temperature. We have already seen how the condition for thermodynamic equilibrium for chemical reactions leads to the law of mass action. We shall now see how diffusion, electrochemical reactions and relaxation of polar molecules in the presence of an electric field, can all be viewed as chemical transformations with associated chemical potential and affinity. 

Handbook Chemical Bonds, Ionization Potentials and Affinity to Electron, Nauka Publ., Moscow, 1964... 

The Equilibrium Constant. The relationship between the reaction free energy or the affinity for each chemical reaction and the composition of a closed system is readily obtained by applying Equation 14 for AG to the relationships between chemical potential, and the activity, af ... 

A second and important consideration in selecting the derivative is to choose the one with the highest chemical potential or affinity of reaction for the particular system. The Le Chatelier principle postulates that a system under the influence of unbalanced forces will shift its equilibrium in such a direction as to minimize the unbalanced forces. This is the case with a spray solution on a plant surface. If the solution... 

Gurvich L.V., Karachentsev G.V., Kondratjev V I. et al. Breaking-off energies of chemical bonds. Ionization potentials and affinity with an electron. M Science. 1974. 351 p. 

The forces can be controlled in various ways to find a proper pathway leading to quasi-linear force-flow relationships so that the theory of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics can be applied. For a first-order reaction S -> P, doubling the concentrations of S and P will double the reaction rate for an ideal system, although the affinity remains the same, and a distinction must be made between thermodynamic and kinetic linearity. Proper pathways are associated with thermodynamic linearity. The rate of a process depends not only on the force but also on the reference state the flow of a solute across a membrane depends on its chemical potential and on its thermodynamic state on both sides of the membrane. 

Obviously, quantities hot and hi are always symbate to the respective chemical potentials and P . It is important that the difference between the logarithms of rushes fij and hj be proportional to the current thermo dynamic affinity A j of the reaction between reaction groups i and j—in other words, to the thermodynamic force Xy related to flux... 

Express the relationship between the chemical potentials and con centrations of the reaction intermediates Aj in the stationary mode of the process. Write the expression for the rate of entropy production. Formulate the Prigogine theorem on the rate of entropy production in the stationary state for the case of the given system. To what extent is this theorem applicable for the given system at the temperature 1200 K if the affinity of stepwise reaction Rj + R2 <— P equals 2 kJ/mol 50 kJ/mol ... 

Dmgs, whether in formulations containing more than one phase or in the body, move from one liquid phase to another in ways that depend on their relative concentrations (or chemical potentials) and their affinities for each phase. So a dmg will move from the blood into extravascular tissues if it has the appropriate affinity for the cell membrane and the nonblood phase. 

Chemical Potentials and variation of Affinity with the Extent of Reaction. ... 

Equation (11.9) shows how the equation of state affects the chemical potential, and enables us to calculate the influence of deviations from the perfect gas laws upon the position of chemical equilibrium. This is most readily achieved by substituting into equation (6.22), which gives the affinity in terms of the chemical potentials ... 

The structure of the expression for totai is that of a bilinear form it consists of a sum of products of two factors. One of these factors in each term is a flow quantity (heat flux q, mass diffusion flux jc, momentum flux expressed by the viscous stress tensor o, and chemical reaction rate rr)- The other factor in each term is related to a gradient of an intensive state variable (gradients of temperature, chemical potential and velocity) and may contain the external force gc or a difference of thermodynamic state variables, viz. the chemical affinity A. These quantities which multiply the fluxes in the expression for the entropy production are called thermodynamic forces or affinities. 

As before, the flows of A and B keep the chemical potentials and pg fixed, which implies that the sum of the affinities has a fixed value A ... 

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