Chemical pathophysiology

The precise etiology of bipolar disorder is unknown. Thought to be genetically based, bipolar disorder is influenced by a variety of factors that may enhance gene expression. These include trauma, environmental factors, anatomic abnormalities, exposure to chemicals or drugs, and others.3-5 Neurochemical abnormalities in bipolar disorder may be caused by these factors, as discussed further in the pathophysiology section. 

The rapid progress in proteomics and peptidomics during the last decade offers us new possibilities to study clinical aspects of disorders and diseases related to the brain [1], These strategies also offer new tools to follow chemical modifications and altered metabolic disturbances that may be indicative of pathophysiological adaptations related to environmental and psychosocial prolonged stress. These techniques can contribute to developments in the diagnostic and therapeutic fields of psychiatric... 

Magnesium ions are also involved in biological processes and occur in cells at millimolar concentrations [315]. Magnesium can be estimated based on the chemical shift difference of the resonances of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using P NMR [316-318], though P NMR has intrinsically low signal-to-noise, exacerbated under many pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia. 

Some of these fundamental notions will be also summed up in Chap. 6 under the more applied perspective of the pathophysiological mechanisms of chemical eye bums. 

We better understand the kinetics of spreading and the histological processes of destruction of the different ocular tissues. The pathophysiology of chemical lesions, in case of an ocular bum, wiU be strongly illustrated, thanks to new technologies which can bring the experimental evidence of the theories developed in the following chapters. 

Reim, M., Redbrake, C., Schrage, N. Chemical and thermal injuries of the eyes. Surgical and medical treatment based on clinical and pathophysiological findings. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 76(2), 79-124 (2001)... 

The clinical signs of chemical eye bums are the result of the pathophysiology that can be arbitrarily divided into two steps (in reality those two phases are successive but cannot be dissociated) ... 

Wagoner, M.D. Chemical injuries of the eye Current concepts in pathophysiology and therapy Surv Ophthalmol 41,... 

The cellular heat shock response can be initiated by physical or pathophysiological stresses, as depicted in Figure 2.2. In most organisms, HSPs are activated in response to sublethal heat shock and other stresses, including UV light and different chemicals. Several HSPs are normally and/or differentially expressed... 

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