Chemical equations abbreviations used

Mass indices and environmental factors (equations (5.1) and (5.2)) have been introduced in Section 5.1. For confidentiality reasons, neither chemical names nor exact quantities are specified concerning the industrial case studies. Instead, masses are expressed relatively to input amounts at the laboratory scale. The imit (kg kg ) expresses how many kilograms of substance are needed to produce one kilogram of product. Abbreviations used in captions of the figures are explained in Box 5.2. 

Information about the state of a reactant or product (whether it is present as a solid, liquid, gas, or solute) may be given in a chemical equation. The following abbreviations are used solid (s), liquid ( ), gas (g), and solute in aqueous solution (aq). An aqueous solution is a solution in water. Thus, the reaction of silver nitrate with ammonium chloride can be represented by the following equation ... 

What does each abbreviation, often used in chemical equations, represent ... 

You can benefit from re-writing class notes using strategies that work for you - for example, with colours, flow diagrams, bullet points or concept maps, in any way thatyou find helpful and even humorous. Check your notes against the Coursebook and abbreviate any points with which you are thoroughly familiar, include chemical equations and mathematical equations you will need in calculations. 

Replacement of a hydrogen atom within an organic molecule, for example an alkane, by a substituent X changes the electronic environments of directly bonded and of more remote carbon nuclei. Thereby l3C NMR signals are shifted either upheld or downfield the difference between the chemical shifts 8 of a certain carbon atom in the substituted and the unsubstituted parent compound is called the substituent effect. For this term the abbreviation SCS (substituent-induced chemical shift) has generally been adopted in the literature and will also be used here. The SCS is given by the equation... 

The information content of nuclear longitudinal relaxation measurements in both paramagnetic and diamagnetic systems can be greatly increased by performing such measurements as a function of the magnetic field. For paramagnetic species, the reason is apparent from the functional form of the equations discussed in Chapter 3 and from the relevant experimental data, reported in Chapter 5. The field dependence of a relaxation rate is called relaxation dispersion, and is abbreviated as NMRD. In principle, NMRD would be helpful for any chemical system, but practical limitations, as will be shown, restrict its use, with a few exceptions, to water protons. 

Kinetic equations are commonly expressed in terms of the amount-of-substance concentrations of the chemical species involved. The amount-of-substance concentration is the amount of substance (for which the SI unit is the mole, symbol mol) divided by the volume. As it is the only kind of concentration commonly used in biochemistry it is usually abbreviated to concentration and this shorter form will be used in the remainder of this document without further discussion. The unit almost invariably used for concentration is mol dm", which is alternatively written as mol L, mol 1, or simply KMK (molar). "- ... 

Here, y , and are the molar volume and molar entropy, respectively. If we use the equation for the chemical potential above, p x) = p +/ rinx + p x), as our starting point and abbreviate the derivatives of the terms p, and p correspondingly. 

Molecules that stem from one or more medium substrate molecules and that are calculated using the probability equations are both chemically and physically identical. They only vary in the numbers and positions of C-C bonds that have remained intact since the medium substrate molecule entered the metabolism. These entities are hereby defined as bondomers (Van Winden et al., 2002). Bondomers of a given compound are denoted by an abbreviation of the compound and a binary subscript. Whereas in isotopomer notation the binary subscript 0 denotes a tatom and a 1 a C-atom (Schmidt et al., 1997), in bondomer notation 0 denotes a C-C bond that has been formed in one of the metabolic reactions and 1 denotes a C-C bond that was already present in the medium substrate molecule. 

Three examples of symbols that are placed over the arrows are the symbol for heat (A), the symbol or formula for a catalyst (such as Pt for platinum), and the abbreviation Elect to indicate that electrolysis is required. A catalyst is a material that helps speed up a reaction but that is not chemically altered in the process. Electrolysis is a process whereby a chemical reaction is caused by the passage of electrical current through a solution. Some examples of equations in which these optional symbols are used are presented in Table 8.1. 

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